Police Roles and Functions

Police Department Roles and Function CJA/214 Police Department Roles and Function In this paper the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as it applies to the law will be identified. Secondly, the description of various types of police agencies at the local, state, federal level, and the roles and functions of each will be discussed. In addition, the role and function of patrol will be explained. The principal roles and function of police organizationsThe principal role of police organizations can be narrowed down to different services that they provide. Protecting and serving the local community and their civil rights, traffic control, to uphold and enforce the law, and to encourage respecting the law. As we identify the function of the police organization we can say that each organization function helps to prevent crime and keep communities safe. The municipal police deals with serious crimes in big and small cities and asked to provide a wide variet y of emergency services.Description of various types of police agencies at the Local, State and Federal Levels As previously discussed, there are three levels of law enforcement agencies being covered, Local, State and Federal. The Local level is made of three organization Municipal Police, County Police, County Sheriff, County Coroner/Medical Examiner and some states still use Constables today. Let’s briefly review each one. Municipal police play a more complex role than any other law enforcement agency due to serving in our cities. Big and small cities represent the most complex environments when it comes to diversity.With that being said, city police carry the heaviest responsibility for dealing with serious crime, which is not concentrated evenly. They are also responsible for difficult order maintenance problems as well as asked and expected to provide a wide range of emergency services (Walker & Katz 2011). A County Police officer is essentially a municipal police offic er that operates on a county-wide basis but do not have non-law enforcement roles of the county sheriff. There focus is on patrolling and criminal investigations.On the other hand, County Sheriff has a unique role as they serve all three components to the criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections (Walker & Katz 2011). Under these components they patrol, investigate crimes, process and serve subpoenas, provide security in courtrooms and last but not lease maintain county jails. The County Coroner also called the Medical Examiner falls under the law enforcement because they investigate death scenes, conduct autopsies and determine cause of violent and unexpected deaths (Walker & Katz2011).Constables were still used, are usually found in a County court system where they are responsible for serving warrants and subpoenas, transporting prisoners, and providing security for district judges. They also work with county commissioners to post delinquent tax notices and assist attorneys in serving divorce papers (Walker & Katz 2011). State police and Highway patrol fall under the State Level. They both provide a variety of law enforcement services. In terms of patrol, state police have concurrent or shared responsibility with local police agencies.In about half of the states, the state police or highway patrol agency has the primary responsibility for enforcing traffic laws on the main highways (Walker & Katz2011). State police manage traffic and emergency incidents and minimize exposure of the public to unsafe conditions resulting from emergency incidents and highway impediments. Furthermore state police prevent loss of life, injuries, property damage, and protect public and state assets (CHP 2012). The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is one of several law enforcement organizations under the federal umbrella.The DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice s ystem of the United States (DEA 2012), and primarily dedicated to reducing the supply of illegal drugs to residents in the United States (Walker & Katz 2011). One of the missions and responsibilities of the DEA is the management of national drug intelligence program that aids with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect various intelligence drug information (DEA 2012). The role and function of patrol With law enforcement officer the role and function of patrol can take on many descriptions.At times while on patrol an officer can be called upon to be a service provider, a crime fighter or a social worker. Secondly, traffic flow and collision reduction can be one of the many functions that allow an officer to take up different roles while on duty (Heath & Karen, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are the key to protecting our country. From the municipal police officer who is responding to a 911 call or a federal agent maki ng a major illegal drug bust, each duty is very different but essential to enforcing our laws.Without law enforcement agencies in the United States and throughout the world, there’d be no one to â€Å"protect and serve† leading to total chaos. Reference Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. (2011). The Police in America. An introduction (7th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Collection database. CHP (2012) The California Highway Patrol, Retrieved from http://www. chp. ca. gov/html/mission. html Drug Enforcement Administration (2012) About Us, Our Mission Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/dea/ HG Global Legal Resources (1999-2012) Control Substances Law Retrieved from http://www. hg. org/control. html

Nurse Manager Paper

Nurse Manager Paper NUR 4301 Nursing Seminar The nurse manager I selected to interview is a Baccalaureate degree nurse and has attended several in-house training sessions related to her position within the hospital. She attended Lenoir Rhyne University to obtain her BSN and has been employed with the institution for 13 years and has been in nursing for nearly 20 years. She is currently certified as a Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) and is also a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner.The Hospital that she is employed with is a private hospital she manages a 15 bed emergency department and 6 bed express care facility, which also holds several involuntary commitments for several hours at a time waiting on placement. This nurse manager oversees 62 persons within the emergency department of this private medical center. She works full-time, generally from 9:00am until 5:30pm, Monday-Friday.The nurse manager must work closely with the emergency department Administrative Director to reinforce and di sseminate information important to the nursing staff, she must enforce policies and carry out plans, and she must handle disciplinary problems that may arise in the absence of the Administrative Director. She is responsible for insuring that the ER flows smoothly with the assistance of the charge nurse. She ensures that supplies and equipment are available, she is involved in the interview process for new hires and must perform evaluations on current employees after probation and then annually.The nurse manager I interviewed considers herself to be a democratic leader and delegates a huge portion of the day-to-day operations to the charge nurse, however she is not above performing actual clinical duties, especially in times of disaster or overcrowding. She considers her unit to flow smoothly and feels that teamwork is a key component to that success. This nurse manager considers herself to be a very effective leader, who encourages communication. She wants her employees to voice the ir concerns and ideas without fear of retaliation and the hospital is very supportive of that mindset.She has an open door policy and considers her employees to be like family. She expects her employees to maintain a positive attitude and if they do not have one she helps them to achieve a positive attitude. The major challenges that she expressed to me were understaffing and constant bickering between certain female co-workers. With regard to understaffing, corporate has not offered any viable solutions, due to non-peak times in the ER. This means at times it is either feast or famine. The staff knows this and tends to simply suck it up and pull together when it gets busy.When co-workers come to her with a complaint she takes time to discuss the matter in depth and non-judgmentally with the employee, surprisingly in most cases she stated that after the discussion it turned out that the problem originated with the one filing the complaint. She further works with the person on strate gies to be a more effective interpersonal communicator and soon the problems lessen or resolve entirely. The nurse manager stated that her vision for her unit was to have her entire staff be clinically sound and function confidently under adverse client load.She expects upmost teamwork from her staff and expects the unit to operate efficiently with upmost regard for staff and client safety. She went on to add that she was initially unsure about being a nurse manager, she was encouraged to apply by her the Administrative Director and once promoted, she was given little direction in how to perform her job. She met with the charge nurses and basically took their group input on how the unit would operate effectively and fine-tuned it, the result has been very effective and had excellent feedback from her employees as well as upper management.She did add that managing people is far more tiring and difficult than managing patient care. She also expressed to me that she did miss working on the floor and dealing directly with the clients regularly. I felt that based on her feedback the nurse manager that I interviewed was a very effective unit manager; she applied fundamental concepts to the management of her staff which primarily focused on effective communication and teamwork. These concepts also support her own theory that she is a democratic leader. References Huber, Diane. (2010). Leadership and nursing care management. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Geographical Importance of Fata

GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF FATA 1. INTRODUCTION The spectacular land in which the Pathans live has had a major effect on their history and their way of life. — J. W. Spain Geography has a significant  position  in making of a nation’s fortune; either in the shape of geo-politics or geo-economics. It can shower blessings or bring curse to the residents of the locality as one can’t change the geography.It is well said that a state’s political system, economic  structure, judicial organization, demographic size and relations with other states can change according to the needs and aspirations of the people but one thing remains constant, and that is â€Å"geography†. If one cannot change the geography of a region but at least can mould its contours. It means that the method of handling is important to invite the blessings or curse of a region’s geographical  location. To testify the above, FATA presents an excellent example. FATA is situa ted on the North-Western side of Pakistan bordering with  Afghanistan.Since the ancient times, FATA has been a testing-ground of the empires’ ambitions to fulfill. Alexander the Great, Chengiz Khan, Taimur the lame, the Mughals, the Turks and the British Empire have touched the Pakistan’s Tribal Lands to pursue their adventures. All of these  political campaigns  have left long-lasting impacts on the fate of tribal people. The land has seen Great Game between the Russian and British Empires in the last two centuries and also a race between the two super powers (US & USSR) in the Cold War era.Now FATA is experiencing another ill-fated adventure of â€Å"War on Terrorism†. The status of FATA and its proximity to Pakistan Afghan border are a serious challenge for Pakistan on a number of levels. Historically, along Afghanistan it has been an arena for imperial competition, a battle ground and a definite invasion route. The area had been a launch pad for the ex ercise of influence in Kashmir, Sub-Continent and Afghanistan. Recently it has been emerged as source of terrorist and criminal activity that threatens Pakistan’s national security.The region due to its geographical location has a geo political and economic significance as it is a potential trade route for economic development of the Central Asian states and for peace and prosperity in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Geo-Political Setting The North West Frontier is not only the frontier of India. It is an international frontier of the first importance from military point of view for the whole empire. Simon Commission The region which includes, â€Å"Afghanistan and the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa has perhaps seen more invasions in the course of history than any other country in the world.    During all this period the plains had been dominated by great powers, the hill tract and tribes continued to value and protect their independence. For centuries, tribal society has persisted in the F ATA, and remained open for numerous invaders out of those the most important are Alexander the Great (356 BC-310/309 BC), the Great Genghis Khan ( 1162 to1227), and Timur Lung (1336 to1405). The people of this region always defended their homeland against all sorts of external aggressions. Over the period of time, this response has made them passionately autonomous.With the exception of Aurangzeb Alamgir, other rulers followed a policy of conciliation desisting from all direct and indirect interference in the internal affairs of the area. In this paper the focus on FATA history will be from the era of British supremacy in the Sub-Continent till todate. 2. THE FATA REGION THROUGH AGES British Supremacy During early 19th century, the British had established their supremacy over the subcontinent except Balochistan, Sindh and the northwest tribal belt. It was the period when Russia was advancing southwards in Central Asia.The British Government in England was perturbed and thought it an â€Å"imminent threat to the security and tranquility† of the Indian Empire and asked the Government of India to checkmate them. Thus began British involvement with NWFP, its tribal belt and Afghanistan. First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) It was understood both in London and Calcutta, which was then the headquarters of the East India Company,  that the Amir of Afghanistan was entering into secret negotiations with Russia. Accordingly, in 1838, the Government of India declared war against Afghanistan.Since Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab would not give passage to the English army through his territory, Auckland, the British Governor-General of India, decided to dispatch his forces through Sindh. In 1839, the British-led Indian Army passed through Sindh and Balochistan and conquered Kandhar and Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. During the winter of 1841-42, there was a mass uprising against foreign forces and the Indian army comprising twelve thousand soldiers left the city of Kabul along with their followers and marched eastward in the direction of Jalalabad for safety.The tribesmen gradually destroyed the entire Indian forces while on retreat. By January 1842, only one Dr. Brydon was able to reach Jalalabad to narrate the tragic story of the massacre of their comrades. â€Å"A large British-led army had not been wiped out so completely in living memory. † Owing to their terrible defeat in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) the British had realized that the task of ruling over the tribal territory in NWFP and Afghanistan was beyond their resources in India.Thus they followed the policy of â€Å"close door policy† and their interest in the affairs of the tribal area in NWFP and Afghanistan remained minimal. Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-79) There was a change in British policy after 1876. The encouragement due to increase of British resources owing to the conquest of Sindh (1843) and the Punjab (1849) as well as the concern am ong British strategists in England due to the advance of the Russian armies in Turkestan close to the borders of Afghanistan made them to review their policy. The policy of Disraeli who became the Prime Minister in U.K. in 1874 was to build a strategic line of defense against Russian advance in Central Asia. It was felt that sooner or later the British and the Russian forces would confront each other in Central Asia. This thinking led the British to increase their sphere of influence in Afghanistan. In 1878, when Amir Sher Ali of Afghanistan refused to allow an English envoy at Kabul, Lord Lytton declared war on 20th November 1878 and British troops invaded Afghanistan and Sher Ali ran away and later died. His son Yakub concluded the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879 agreeing to British terms.The war had encouraged the British to formally occupy most of the tribal belt. It included a permanent advance and control of the famous Khyber Pass but Kurram valley was occupied some years la ter. Withdrawal of British Forces from Durand Line In June 1897, the Waziristan tribes revolted against the British forces. This was followed by an attack by tribes of Malakand against the garrisons in the pass and in Chakdara. By August, Mohmands attacked at Shabqadr, and later Afridi and Orakzai attacked at Tirah and the Khybar post was lost by the British.The Samana forts were attacked and â€Å"the garrison in one case wiped out to a man. † Later Khyber was reoccupied and Khyber Rifles were re-established and new roads and more forts were built. To meet the situation Lord Curzon adopted a policy of â€Å"withdrawal and concentration†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwithdrawal from the advanced posts, employment of the tribal forces for the defense of  the tribal country, concentrations of British forces in British territory as the second line of defense and the improvement of the means of transport and communication.This policy continued up to 1919. Partition of Sub Continent In conjunct ion with the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947, the tribesmen as a whole expressed their popular will to join Pakistan. The tribes were assured a continuation of agreements between tribes and the British Government by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Since then no fundamental change in the administrative, judicial and political policies for the FATA has taken place. Soviet Invasion After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the FATA came into the limelight.The influx of Afghan refugees, spread of militant culture, continuing civil war in Afghanistan and religious extremism leading to the rise of the Taliban did much to aggravate the situation. By and large it all contributed to an altered ethnic balance, weapons proliferation, inflow of narcotics, hindrance in developmental efforts, deteriorating law and order and de-sanctification of the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. United States’ InvasionFollowing the United States (US) led invasio n in the Afghanistan in 2002, the tribal areas again came into focus when a large number of foreign militants were found taking refuge in these areas. Since then military operations carried out in the area have bought the lingering problem of the FATA and its integration issues with the national mainstream of Pakistan to the forefront. 3. ADMINISTRATIVE, POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, EDUCATIONAL, JUDICIAL, AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE TRIBAL AREAS The Constitution of Pakistan introduced in 1973 is the main foundation on which the existing system of governance of the FATA, revolves.This law states that the Federal Government of Pakistan will be the only one to extend authority in the FATA, while the Province will extend their authority to ‘Provincially Administered Tribal Areas, making the FATA to be controlled by the central government. The President therefore is the only one who is in position to give directions to the Governor of a Province where that specific Tribal area is located, who shall under this article will follow the directions of the President. The FATA is divided into two administrative categories.First, the ‘protected areas’ which come directly under control of central government through political appointees/agents. They are vested with judicial powers as well. Second, the ‘non-protected’ areas those are governed through the local tribes indirectly. The troika of Jirga, Political Agent (PA) and FCR of 1901, blends making the administrative and judicial systems in tribal areas. The Governor in a province is the representative of the President of Pakistan, who acts on behalf of the Federal Government and administers the Tribal Areas through the FATA Secretariat.Agriculture forms a sizeable economic activity in the FATA, while the adoptions of age old agriculture systems have left the productivity of this important commodity for the local below subsistence level. Besides agriculture, the holding and growing of the livestock i s also an importance economical activity in the FATA. However due to the adoption of non-scientific methods of animal husbandry, desired output is not achieved. A few areas in the FATA have timber and other forests.Deforestation, use of valuable timber as fuel, its smuggling to the Afghanistan and degradation of grazing lands due to continuous droughts has resulted in the loss of these income-earning opportunities. The tribal areas, thanks to their terrain configuration, are sought to possess vast deposits of numerous minerals. Because of inadequate geological surveys, the security environments in the FATA and tribal disputes over these perceived ‘minerals rich tracts of land,’ they have yet been explored.This situation has significantly affected the attention of private sector to draw their investment in these areas. The less number of schools, health care facilities, communication infrastructure and allied services do not support any major economic venture, keeping th e area economically underdeveloped. 4. AVAILABILITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN FATA Due to its geography, FATA should not be allowed to be used as a spring-board and launching-pad for the satisfaction of international politics’ stake-holders.Our leadership has to consider a parallel approach of geo-economics with geo-politics. This is a viable solution to improve the living standard in the Tribal belt. Although geo-economics approach is an evolutionary process and takes time, but it has capability to change the fate of the tribal people in the long run. Basic thing for this strategy to be useful in future is the restoration of peace in the region. Then an atmosphere can be created to develop infrastructure and finally to exploit the natural resources of FATA in a right direction.Oil and Gas Reserves Huge reservoirs of oil and gas have been explored in Khyber, North and South Waziristan Agencies. The Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) should start drilling in FATA, whileà ‚  numbers  of multinational companies have shown keen interest in this region for oil, gas and other minerals exploration. The foreign oil company, Tullow, has obtained a license for the exploration of the reservoirs of oil and gas in the North Waziristan Agency while the oil company of Ireland, MOL, has shown interest in the Khyber agency.Now a suitable environment, consistent effort, due attention and keen interest is needed to speed-up the process of development. In 1996, a British Petroleum Company indicated after a seismic survey that the oil and gas reserves of NWA have the success possibility of 1:3 while these possibilities in Middle East are 1:10. Lime Stone and Coal The geological surveys of 85 per cent of the tribal belt have revealed immense prospects of mineral exploration. Some of them have been already utilized but much yet to be extracted.This not only can engage the local youth with constructive and profit-making activities but can also attract the foreign invest ors which can ultimately be exported. Bajaur Agency has 130 million tons of lime stone reserves while Khyber Agency has 454 million tons of it. Orakzai Agency, Kurram Agency and North Waziristan Agency have 178 million tons reserves of high-level coal. Some work is underway there but is deeply hindered by the elements of militancy and military operations on one hand and lack of scientific know-how and use of modern technology on the other hand. Marble and GraniteThe mines of Marble and Granite are likely to have good potential for growth. And with huge reserves of eminently valued marble including white marble, are in abundance in Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber and NWA alone with a total of 570519 ton reserves. If this industry is given proper government attention and the project designed are properly implemented, they can provide job opportunities to several thousands of individual living here. Gem Stones Like Baluchistan which is hub for natural resources, FATA has also been kept aloof r egarding development for various known unknown reasons.Geologists have indicated that this region is also enriched in availability of venerated and semi venerated gem stones. Emerald and tourmaline are found in the north while garnet and quartz are found in South Waziristan and Bajaur. But due to lack of exploration their reserves have not been properly identified. Gold, Copper and Chromate FATA Development Authority (FDA) is of the view that huge deposits of various minerals like gold, copper, chromate and lot of others are available on 4707 square kilometer area of NWA.After digging 7000 meter deep the surface, the FDA experts reach to conclusion that 36,000 million tons of copper is available in just 16 kilometer area of NWA Boya Shinkai spot. FDA has tested 37,000 samples of natural resources in laboratories. Current price of one ton copper is seven thousand dollars in international market and mountains of NWA have deposits of billions dollars hidden in just 16 kilometer area wh ich if explored can change the fate of most deprived inhabitants of this war ravaged area as well as bring economic stability in country.Natural Forests The natural forests and fruits is a wealth in this regard. Forest area is decreasing day by day by ruthless cutting where there is not an effective law to prevent the practice. Fruit production is also affected because of insurgency, military operations and lack of a permanent water supply. The local people are digging out these minerals by using dangerous means like blasting, on one hand destroy large part of these reserves while on the other this activity inflict irreparable damage to eco-system of the area.No proper, planned and modern system is being used to explore these mineral resources as the Government is still showing no interest in exploration because no industries were set up in the area for raw material as the situation is not favorable for it. The availability of such huge reserves can contribute a lot in economic matu ration of the country. Proper government assistance will not only help the locals regain jobs but would also help in restoring peace and stability.But, extremism and militancy have brought already poor economic and trade activities of the Agency to a standstill, while many traders and businessmen have migrated to other parts of the country because of the fear of being kidnapped for ransom or killed by unknown armed groups. 5. GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TRIBAL AREAS AND GREAT GAME Besides being the one of the most important areas of Pakistan because of its strategic location in proximity with Afghanistan, tribal areas are also one of the most sensitive areas of the World.The War on Terror has further enhanced the importance of the tribal areas significantly. The Tribal Areas have the strategic importance, as these areas can play a significant role of a buffer zone between the turbulent Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of late this importance has been further highlighted in global geopol itics because tribal areas lie between the warm waters of Arabian Sea and the Central Asian countries i. e. Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan etc, which have a very large oil and gas potential.The Central Asian states being land locked, the energy wealth has to be exported by pipelines passing through these areas to Arabian Sea Ports for onward distribution to the world. As the energy control is a key to the global supremacy, the 21sl century power game is destined to be played by the major powers around the potential producers and pipeline routes. Thus the tribal areas located on the rim of Afghanistan border with Pakistan, cannot remain immune to the spill over effects of any socioeconomic or political storms occurring in this strategic triangle. ———————————————— —————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- The New Great Game ————————————————- Whereas the Old Great Game emerged out of strengthening of the Russian empire; the New Great Game arose with its demise. The severe reduction of the stern control Russia had maintained in the region, through the Soviet Union, lead to a power vacuum in the region. Since the independence of the Central Asian states, all the players of the New Great Game are competing to garner individual control and fill this emptiness.The countries that together comprise of Central Asia today include Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. The region as a whole has historically suffered foreign domination, initially under the Ottoman Empire, and most recently being part of the Soviet Regime with Russia pulling the strings. ——————†”—————————- Furthermore, to confirm this conception of a New Great Game, one only needs to look at the reasons that have contributed to the world turning its attention to this region of the globe.The Central Asian Republics derive their importance through two major factors. The region on the whole has continued to have geostrategic value, not only due to its location at the center of the Eurasian landmass, but also due to the political significance of the countries that border Central Asia. Secondly, and possibly a lot more significantly, the region now also has massive economic implications for the whole world. ————————————————- ————————————————- Economic Worth of Central Asian Countries —â €”——————————————-Central Asia, comprising of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and the energy-rich lake called the Caspian Sea, owes its significance to its vast economic potential and its geo-strategic location and is fast becoming an economic center of the world. The region has a strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, the Persian Gulf, the Middle East, and the Far East; surrounded by some of the fastest growing economies in the world including China, Russia and India who are not only investing in the region but are competing for the leading role.From 2000 to 2009, foreign direct investment flows into Central Asia increased nine folds; while the region’s gross domestic product grew on average by 8. 2% annually. ———————————————â⠂¬â€- The most well endowed state in the Caspian region is Kazakhstan; ranked 6th  in the world in terms of natural resource reserves. Out of 110 elements of the periodic table, 99 were discovered in the bowels of Kazakhstan including oil, gas, uranium, zinc, tungsten, bohrium, silver, lead, chromites, copper, fluorides, molybdenum and gold.Moreover, it has proven oil reserves of 30 billion barrels, highest in the region followed by Azerbaijan which has 7 billion barrels. Turkmenistan has the world’s 4th largest gas reserves at 7. 5 trillion cubic meters while Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan follow close with 2. 41 trillion and 1. 84 trillion cubic meters respectively. Thus, collectively the Caspian region contains about 46 per cent of the world gas resources. ————————————————- ———————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Pakistan as Player in the New Great Game ————————————————-Central Asian region is so important for world politics, the various players involved in this New Great Game are trying to gain a stronger foothold in the area. The six players broadly involved in the game, include the United States, Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, India, and of course Pakistan. The immense interest of Pakistan in the Central Asia Republics stemmed from the economic, geo-strategic, and political benefits these countries could provide to this struggling nation. Trade relations with these landlocked countries had the potential to be the sole solution for Pakistan’s economic problems.With the CARS having an annual potential market of $80 billion, Pakistan could exploit this untapped market to its advantage and improve its balance of payments. Along with cheaper imports, Pakistan could also benefit from transit income, by providing access through the Karakoram Highway, to its neighboring industrial giants: India and China. Similarly, keeping in mind the historical importance of this resource rich region, Pakistan could foresee the centre stage it could acquire in the energy war of the New Great Game by providing the shortest route for the Central Asian counties via Gwadar to the Arabian Sea.This would help Pakistan fulfill its long term energy needs, through projects such as the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) oil and gas pipeline. The 1735 km pipeline faces security challenges because it must cross Afghanistan and FATA. It is estimated to carry one trillion cubic m of gas over a 30 years period, or 33 billion cubic m a year. Furthermore, Pakistan’s electricity needs that are huge burden on its economic life could easily be lifted by access to abundant Kyrgyz hydroelectric power.Thus, favorable trade relations with th e region could result in a significant uplift of Pakistan’s strained economy. ————————————————- ————————————————- 6. CONCLUSION ————————————————- The 21st  Century is yet to see the unfolding of The New Great Game. With every country in this surge for power taking its own route, it shall be interesting to see the unfolding of the events.Russia continues to exert its importance in the region in political and economic domains while planning to maintain its stronghold in its backyard. Iran is making waves through its trade routes and with Iran; Central Asia can see many lucrative trading and pipeline options available through them. On the other ha nd, it may difficult for Central Asia to tilt towards Iran without displeasing the world hegemony, US that maintains its military presence in the region. Furthermore, both Turkey and India are also vying for influence in the region. ———————————————— Though Pakistan may face a number of constraints and obstacles in fulfilling its dreams of being a prominent player in the New Great Game, it can devise a policy that may ensure better results for Pakistan, if not the best. And peace and prosperity of FATA due to its geographical location will be the dominant tier of that policy. Kashmir is life line of Pakistan on eastern borders and on western border geostrategic and geopolitical importance of FATA dictates the economic future of Pakistan.

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia Term Paper

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia - Term Paper Example The earliest history of Bethlehem is connected to Bishop David Nitschamann who builds a church, which began the Moravian settlement (Levering 24). He bought a land where the people were settled, and this was the fundamental for the development of the Bethlehem. It is here that he builds the cabin, which became the first structure in Bethlehem. Originally, they were thirteen settlers who first settled at Bethlehem. The book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem†, by Joseph Mortimer Bishop explains of the migration of the Moravian to Bethlehem. It explains the cause of migration, and the settlement of the people in the new land (Township News 7). The article â€Å"city of Bethlehem† in 2008, also explains the challenges the people faced in the migration, reasons for migration. It also speaks of the people settlement in their new land. Mortimer the author of the book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem,† sees Nitschmann as being fundamental in the migration of Moravian to Bethlehem . Nitschmann belonged to the ancient Brethrens church. He was born in Moravia at Zauchtenthal. It is said that he suffered persecution because of his faith, and he had to free his native land. He fled Moravia in1724, and on 1732, he was one of first missionaries in St. Thomas from Moravian (Levering 28). It is said that he spent the rest of his life-spreading gospel, he is said to have contributed to the development of many settlement across the world before his death in 1771. The rest of the missionaries had a different upbringing before they came together in their missionary works and were among the founders of Bethlehem. The article on the City of Bethlehem, also mentions the role played by the first missionaries in the settlement of people in Bethlehem and the consequent growth of the city. The article however, does not explain in details the cause of the migration, but focuses on the settlement of the people in the new land. It focuses on the integration of the Moravian in thei r new surroundings. Both articles explain the reasons behind the naming of the city. The city can be said to have grown as a religion center. The city was named as Bethlehem as a way of glorifying God. The aim of the city was to be the center of missionary operation in the region. It had the same goals as the gospel itself, reclaiming the wilderness. The foundation stone for the second building was laid by Bishop Nitschmann. This was key to the establishment of the town as the religious center. The growth of town immediately the people settled in the region is another factor that the article emphasizes. The building was a two-story house was vital in the establishment of the town. It remained the house for the clergymen for many years. The church expanded tremendously, and by 1743, the congregation comprised of peoples who were in the settlement in the region (Levering 52). The congregation also received the name â€Å"fishers†, in reference to the bible where Andrew and pete r were called the fishers of men. Bethlehem grew to be the center of the economy. The Moravian had successfully introduced the city in their first settlement, and the city followed their beliefs. Many of the white settlers and other and the native Americas joined the church. The article s also explains of how the people arrived in the Jerusalem. The earliest people arrived in this place as missionaries, but the subsequent groups came at Bethlehem because of their own individual reasons.

Due process and the Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Due process and the Rule of Law - Essay Example As Mapara points out, the rule of law can be stated as a legal maxim whereby government is required to make decisions on the ground of known legal principles. A government that operates under the rule of law can be called as a nomocracy. When a government hurts interests of a person without considering the exact law practices, the situation constitutes the violation of due process and the rule of law. It must be noted that the administrative due process is different from judicial due process. Administrative due process is mainly used to make decision related to administrative discharges. The opportunity to be heard is the main focus of the administrative due process. This process is applied to protect individual rights. As Dropkin and McComas point out, the major aim of the federal due process is to protect fundamental conceptions of justice; and as per the provisions of the federal due process, states need to respect and comply with their communities’ accepted norms and belie fs. 2. Regulation as a Policy Option Regulations which are brought in by the state are usually attempts to bring about certain outcomes which might not be obtained otherwise or to prevent certain undesired outcomes. For example, a regulation may be made by the government to check foreign direct investment that may inversely affect domestic manufacturers. The common definition given to regulation as such is: ‘an administrative decision that imparts rights and assigns responsibilities’ (OECD). Much of the regulations in the United States are administered and enforced by regulatory agencies. Regulations are the best option in forming policies for a country, because together with the rights enjoyed by a citizen, there are certain duties entitled to perform. Regulations thus become essential as a policy option, because together with providing the rights, they also allocate certain duties to the citizen. Along with this, regulations become handy in attaining some specific tar gets or to make certain services available to the citizens. According to Swisher, The policy formed to reduce carbon and fossil fuel emission stand as a model in this scenario; which measures that the macroeconomic models comply with the evaluation with respect to its impact on the energy system and introduces carbon taxes (Para 7). Such regulations come effective under circumstances like increasing commodity prices, matters related to wages, employment, standards of production, military proceedings etc. There are numerous possibilities that the social or economic conditions in the country taking up an undesired phase and the ability of the legislature to form regulations become extremely important under such circumstances. Regulations on liberalization, privatisation, globalisation etc found in many world countries are examples in this regard. 3. Legislative Oversight over Regulatory Agencies The capacity of legislatures to indulge in the process of lawmaking has been enhanced duri ng the last three decades. Legislatures stand as an independent assembly, and have assumed a greater responsibility in mandating laws. Legislative oversight, often referred as congressional oversight denotes the supervision of policy implementation. There are a number of federal agencies through which the policies formulated by the Congress are implemented. If the Congress is dissatisfied with an agency, it can react in various ways. Laws can be passed to overrule their decisions or to confine their jurisdictions. For example, as Kaiser, Oleszekc and Taleman point out,

Service Market Liberalization Research Proposal

Service Market Liberalization - Research Proposal Example The proposal was rejected in March 2005 and caused a major setback for the SMP process. A possible reason for rejection was the coincidence of the proposal with the accession of ten new member states giving rise to labor immigration fears. In 2006, an amended version of the Services Directive was agreed upon to be implemented in 2010 (EC 2006). In the 1990s labor growth in the European services sector decreased in comparison with the 1980s and the United states of America (USA) (European Central Bank 2006). One reason to the decrease in growth is the slow implementation of Information Communication Technology (ICT) services as pointed out by O'Mahony et al. (2003). Bilateral trade and foreign investment in services in an open market would stimulate competition and foster innovation which would diminish the gap with the US. Liberalization of services is still considered by many as a zero-sum-game where some countries win while others lose. The notion of liberalization of services gives rise to fears from open market competition and survival of local services. This research focuses on the effect of service market liberalization and the expected increase in market competition on the economies of the lesser developed European countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The better understanding of the effect of liberalization of services on the lesser developed countries in Central... The question is whether an open market for services in Europe would increase competition and productivity in the central and eastern European countries. 2. Research Problem 2.1 Research Problem Description Liberalization of services is still considered by many as a zero-sum-game where some countries win while others lose. The notion of liberalization of services gives rise to fears from open market competition and survival of local services. This research focuses on the effect of service market liberalization and the expected increase in market competition on the economies of the lesser developed European countries in Central and Eastern Europe. 2.2 Significance and Contribution of the Research Problem The better understanding of the effect of liberalization of services on the lesser developed countries in Central and Eastern Europe would convince politicians towards legislation of required directives to disrupt barriers to trade of services and create an open service market. 2.3 Delimitation and Assumptions of the Problem Research is limited to the effect of liberalization of services in Central and Eastern European countries only. Only the economies of these countries are evaluated towards their reaction to services liberalization. Liberalization of other trade products is not considered. 2.4 Research Objective This research aims at achieving the following research objectives: To conduct an in-depth investigation and analysis of the currently available studies and theories that predict and estimate the effect of services liberalization in developed and less developed economies. Examine the statistical data of Central and Eastern Countries of trade in services and their relationship to different acts of

Current Business Themes Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Current Business Themes - Dissertation Example According to the paper the two major natural disasters caused by these firms have been discussed here. Also the report states the corrective measures undertaken by these firms. It can be concluded from the study that the occurrence of oil spillage is fundamentally a subject highly dependent on probability. A probabilistic occurrence like oil spill incident or oil spill spreading and affecting the marine ecology as well as the human lives is a matter that can’t be anticipated; only an estimation of its possibility can be made.   When an organization takes steps for sustainability practices, it becomes essential for it to know the probable causes of risk. Thus considering the environment prior to the business objectives should be the main aim of every firm related to this industry.From this study it is clear that in the present corporate era, all the firms strive to gain the trust of its stakeholders so that a long term business relationship can grow between them. A long term relationship in business depends on product quality, customer service, and good reputation. Reputation is the concept that many successful firms fail to achieve. Business reputation is considered as an asset that is intangible which distinguishes a company from other firms and draws consumers to make them buy things again and again from the same company and at the same at time the consumers readily pay a top price for the goods and services.... Business reputation is considered as an asset that is intangible which distinguishes a company from other firms and draws consumers to make them buy things again and again from the same company and at the same at time the consumers readily pay a top price for the goods and services. However, in spite of the discerning involvement between financial performance and reputation, pragmatic studies account for questionable findings. Reputation is an exclusive element of a business that can be achieved by it through its good work and goodwill (Lee & Roh, 2012). One of the greatest sources of reputation is the sustainability framework practiced by the firm. Sustainability can be attained by the means of numerous activities that comprises of the reputation of the management. These activities comprises of the formation of the environment-friendly goods, motivating and retaining employees, saving energy etc. which aids the business to preserve value via return and growth on capital. The aim of the present study is to focus on the various facets of the oil exploration and production industry and the corporate social responsibility practice followed by the firms of this sector to maintain sustainability. The two main firms that will be covered in our study are BP and Shell. It will be a comparative analysis between the environmental policies of both the firms that will further discuss about the various measures taken by these firms to repair the damages. For the present study the research question happens to be, how do the oil exploration and production plants deal with the issues of environmental pollution and what are their approach to a sustainable environment? The topic in hand will be studied by the conduction

Black Scholars and The Thirteenth Amendment Essay

Black Scholars and The Thirteenth Amendment - Essay Example Despite the fact that blacks faced harsh discrimination and mistreatment by the dominant culture, especially during the nineteenth century and during the early part of the twentieth century, there were a select few who did not allow such treatment to stop them from making something of themselves. Some even pursued higher education and became scholars. The interpretation of the thirteenth amendment by black scholars has changed over the past three centuries, as it has held different meaning depending upon the time period in which the scholars lived. One notable black scholar of the nineteenth century was Daniel Alexander Payne. Pain was born in Charleston South Carolina in 1811 to two free parents. Unfortunately, his father passed when he was four, and his mother followed five years later, leaving him to be raised by his great aunt for the remainder of his childhood. Pain was not left to chance, however, because his aunt saw to it that he would become a well accomplished man, despite the opposition that people of his time faced by the dominant culture and their efforts to marginalize blacks. Payne attended school for two years, and then he studied with Thomas S. Bunneau, who was his private tutor until the age of twelve, when he began working for a shoe merchant. Payne held two additional jobs after working for the shoe merchant—working in the field of carpentry at the age of thirteen and then as a Taylor—which then led to him opening up a school for black children at the age of nineteen. Unfortunately, an amendmen t to the act that was in relation to slaves and free people of color was passed, and this led to the closing of the school (Taylor). Upon closing his school, Payne went north, determined to make something of himself. While in Gettysburg PA, he studied at the Lutheran seminary. Then, in 1837, he joined the Lutheran church, where he became an ordained minister. When Payne was ordained, he delivered a speech that spoke of how slave was a form of brutality and that it had to be abolished. During his time at the Lutheran church, Payne reopened a school for black children in 1840, picking up where he had left off in South Carolina before he had to move north. He remained with the Lutheran church for two more years, and then he joined the AMME church, where he helped to better their ministry, as well as the programs that dealt with foreign affairs. It was also at this church where he set up a program that aided runaway slaves, providing them with food and shelter along their journey to Canada, where they would be free of forced servitude (Taylor). While he was successful in the north, he knew that he had to go back down south to finish where he had left off. When the 13th amendment was passed and ratified in 1865, he felt that it was possible to do such things, since there were no longer any restrictions on people of color, and this Constitutional amendment overthrew the earlier bill that was amended, which

Export-Import Bank Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Export-Import Bank - Case Study Example Ex-Im began issuing loan guarantees after thirty years of existence. This move aimed at encouraging commercial banks to take part in export markets. Loan guarantees focused on reducing the administrative obligations of commercial banks. Loan guarantees surpassed direct loans, making insurance to become popular. Ex-Im guarantees 90% of the outstanding balance of working capital loans from a commercial bank to an exporter. It only authorized transactions that had a reasonable assurance of repayment. It offers medium and long-term coverage for transactions by providing an 85% guarantee. In this case, a 15% deposit is required from the buyer. Ex-Im charges the following costs on direct loans and medium and long-term guarantees; Export-Import bank charged fixed interest rates on loans that were set at the Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR). The cost of direct loans was static; that is, it was set after numerous negotiations among countries in the OECD (organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). All medium and long-term guarantees were subject to a ‘one-off’ exposure fee. The exposure fee was determined by the degree of transactional risk. For example, scheduled payments from Amal to Wells Fargo were subject to a 0.2 exposure risk value. The beta constitutes the transactional risk for the scheduled payments. Ex-Im would charge a 0.2 exposure fee for the transactional risk. Importer payment obligations differed from those of foreign buyers of a U.S. product. Direct loans and guarantees of importer payment obligations are influenced by various aspects such as; market risk premium of the destination country, the repayment period, percentage of exports covered, and whether the exposure fee was financed or paid in advance. Each country has a baseline fee set for sovereign borrowers. Non-sovereign borrowers are subject to a transaction risk increment higher than the

Celestial Women beneath a Mango Tree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Celestial Women beneath a Mango Tree - Essay Example One such painting is that of the ‘Celestial Woman beneath a Mango Tree’, an exquisite piece of art with its sublime antiquity awaits interpretation since its formation and continues unveiling the mysteries and social conventions as well as intricacies of 11th century India. The painting, â€Å"Celestial Woman beneath the Mango Tree† is actually inspired from the sandstone sculptor at the Jain Temple situated in Madhya Pradesh or Southern Uttar Pradesh of India and the sculptor was made during the mid 9th Century. This piece of art is an exquisite example of bracket art genre and was used to connect the pillar with the ceiling. Original structure of the temple contained four such art pieces giving an expression of joyous atmosphere putting their glance upon the devotees from four corners of the temple and gracing the minds of the devotees glancing upward with their auspicious presence. The divine lady is poised under a mango tree and ignorant about the monkeys perching on it. The lines of the masterpiece are bold and significant uses of the primary colours are evident. The dominant use of the blue colour with a shade of deep to light relates the picture to the celestial realm. The red fruits and yellow flowers are significant and act as a genuine eye-catcher. The motif of the painting is clear enough to support the voluptuous figurine and the ornaments and the features of the woman are distinct, sharp and also well bred amid the play of light and shade. According to the ancient Indian myth and lore, the laughter and of a lady was held responsible for the blossom of mango. Here the deity evidently symbolizes fertility and in its iconic representation, the deity is symbolic to motherhood.   

Person centred approaches Essay Example for Free

Person centred approaches Essay Implement person centred approaches in health and social care 1.1 Define person-centred values. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in away that embeds person centred values. The underlying purpose of â€Å"Person-centred values† is to ensure that the individual needing care is placed at the very centre of the decision making process about their life, the services and support they want and need. Therefore, under this strict system, the person is always placed at the very centre of the planning of the care programme required, in that he or she will always be consulted and that his or her views will always come first. Therefore the plan is tailor-made to that particular person, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that individual’s family and from the voluntary sector. This is the current policy and it applies to those people with learning disabilities, mental health problems, and physical disabilities, to older people who need support, and to young people making their transition to adulthood. To place the person at the centre certain values must be upheld: Individuality (everyones differences must be recognised and respected), Choice (for individuals to be able to make own choices and be in control of own life), Privacy (information and activities must be kept confidential), Independence (empowering individuals to do activities for themselves) and dignity (be treated in a respectful way). It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual. This will also mean that individuals will feel empowered and in control of their lives, be more confident about making decisions, will feel valued and respected. 1.3 Explain why risk taking can be part of a person centred approach. The person centred approach to risk includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the individual, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a person-centred approach as this empowers individuals to have choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. Not allowing individuals to take risks can have a negative impact on an individual’s life to not live it as they wish. 1.4 Explain how using an individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way. To be person-centred the person must always be at the centre of their care plan. This means that individuals must always to be consulted and their views must always come first. Therefore, no two care plans are alike because each individual is different from another. Each individual should be involved at every stage of their care plan; from deciding who to involve, how to meet the individual’s needs, the support required and how to feedback on how the care plan is working. 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care and support. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. It is always very important to establish the consent of the individual when providing any care or support programme or procedure. This is essential so as to include that individual with any decision-making, in order to ensure that they do not feel left out, ignored; in this way they can understand and agree to that element of their care or support. I would discuss the problem, that consent cannot be established, with the supervisor or manager of the home, and, if necessary, the individual’s doctor and advocate. I would also make a record of this, which I would sign and date. 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation. Active participation benefits the individual because that person is always made to feel that he or she is continually important, and that things are done for their benefit, with their consent. This ensures a positive approach for the individual that makes them an active part of how they choose to live and puts them first as the focus. Barriers can take several forms – the emotions, the disabilities, and the attitudes of the individual concerned, any or all of which can deter active participation by that individual in any activity or action. Similarly barriers exist if social care workers’ attitudes and approaches do not value active participation, strict routines and lack of training on using the active participation approach can also be barriers. 5.3 Explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individuals choices. The care worker’s personal views may well simply rule things out for the individual being cared for, because the worker might take a subjective position rather than looking to find creative solutions for that individual. Such a stance could prevent the individual from making informed choices about their care. Therefore, personal views should never influence the choices of any individual as this also goes against their rights and can make an individual feel pressurised to agree. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. When others make decisions for the individual, the care worker should talk to the individual to ask that person whether he or she understands what has been decided for them. Once the individual understands those decisions, he or she should be encouraged to state whether they agree with them. If not, then that individual should be enabled to question and challenge them either  themselves, through the social care worker or an advocate. 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well being. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely too promote an individuals well being. Maintaining an individual’s identity is done by always recognising that person as a human being, not a number – identity is who the person is. Ensuring that the individual IS important and that their views and concerns are always dealt with in a positive and caring manner will always ensure that person is valued and has a high self-esteem. All this will contribute to their sense of well being. By always ensuring that the individual is treated in a professional, kind, caring and courteous way, their sense of well-being is always assured. Care workers can also make sure that they use a number of different approaches empowering approaches that enable the individual to take control, a positive approach that encourages the individual to feel good, working in a trusting and professional way enables a good relationship to build between the care worker and individual and promoting a sense of well being.

Student Resources Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Student Resources Worksheet Essay Student resources include a variety of helpful sites and tools that can be of assistance when completing assignments, connecting to other students, and searching for careers. Complete this table regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, identify where the resource can be found. In the second column, summarize each resource in at least one sentence. When you are finished with the matrix, answer the follow-up question in part B. Part A: Resources Scavenger Hunt Student resource Where found Summary of the resource Syllabus Home section Lets you know all of your tasks and assignments and what is required of you to do throughout your whole course Class Policies Class Home Tells you the academic and instructor policies University Library Library Has a variety of resources and links to help us as students. We can also search for a variety of things. University Academic Catalog Program Contains academis program and policies effective to your program University Learning Goals

Music and studying

Music and studying COMPARISON OF STUDYING WITH MUSIC  AND STUDYING IN A SILENT ROOM /  WITHOUT MUSIC OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Hook â€Å" Everybody has that point in their life where you hit a crossroads and you’ve had a bunch of bad days and there’s different ways you can deal with it and the way I dealt with it was just turned completely to music† (Taylor Swift) Background of the research paper Thesis Statement: â€Å" Some Student prefer studying with music while others wants to study in a silent room/place.† BODY / DISCUSION Music What is Music? How music affects our moods? Studying with music How affects our study? Is Music can help you study? Studying in a Silent room or Without music How Affects our study How can affect our moods? CONCLUSION Should you listen to music while Studying? Opinion about Studying with music or without Comparison of Studying with music and Studying in a Silent room / without music INTRODUCTION One of My favorite singer, Taylor Swift said that â€Å"Everybody has that point in their life where you hit a crossroads and you’ve had a bunch of bad days and there’s different ways you can deal with it and the way I dealt with it was just turned completely to music†. Music made lives of people lighter and easier. It can be your company where ever you are. It helps you to bring out the best in you. Listening with music when you are doing something made you feel happy and the eagerness in yourselves. Music helps us to relax and it can help us to motivate ourselves. Sometimes it can activate our creative minds. It can help us too, to discipline our self and at the same time to manage our time properly. Music is one of our daily buddies in life because whenever you go, you can hear/use it and music makes you feel better. Lastly, it can benefit us in studying as they said Music makes our learning more enjoyable and it is a good buddy in memorization. Studying, one of the greatest battle that students are facing, can be so tiring and stressful. But with the modern technology, a lot can be done to help us survive studying one of those is Music. A research found that listening with music before doing something can help us improve our attention, memory and last is our math ability (Doraiswamy, 2012). Some Students prefer studying with music while others want to study in a silent room/ without music. Comparison of Studying with music and Studying in a Silent room / without music DISCUSSION What Music mean to us? Music, it can be so hard to describe but if we are asked how it affects us it is easy to answer. Music can help you to express yourself, it can calm us down, and it can explain the words when it fails it means Music speaks. Music is part of lives even though we realize it or not. The â€Å"Mozart Effect† is a set of research that indicates listening to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Music it can makes us smarter. And it can help the parts of our brain to develop our Language and Reasoning. (Stricker, 2013) I have researched about some comments about â€Å"what is the role / importance of music to our lives?† here are some of the comments: According to Malabika Sen â€Å"If man is the best creation of God then music is the best creation of man. It not only touches the heart but also manifests the implicit humanity and sensitivity which has separated man from animal. Great music for example songs of Rabindranath Tagore both patriotic and spiritual have stirred the whole world. The music of R. N Rahaman in different films have touched millions of souls. Music breaks all divisions of race, religion, cast and creed. It is a wonderful force which can bring and establish international peace, love and brotherhood. What speeches and articles cannot do, the magic of music can do easily and naturally. Infinite salutes to music.† And according also to Laju Lesley â€Å"Music has a universal language and appeal irrespective of the dialect used in it.Music sustains a person in the most difficult phases of life.Music shelters the wounded soul and heals the broken heart.Music fosters friendship and ties hearts forever. If there had been no music (rhythm) it’s doubtful whether the universe would ever have continued to sustain.Music contains all the emotions and sentiments of life.Let music make this world a better place to live. Let guns be replaced by guitars let words of love, unity and harmony be sung instead of rhetoric of hate.† Those two comments made me realize that music has a big part in our lives because it help us in many ways like in our studies, when we are sad it can be our company everywhere. How Music Affect our moods? The Scientist at the University of Missouri found that listening to music can boost a person’s mood simply by upbeat music. In the study that has been conducted, Participants improved their moods when after being told to try to do so, but they only succeeded when they have listened to the upbeat music. But others who simply listened to music without changing their mood, they didn’t report about the increase of happiness. Music isn’t just good in increasing our mood. Another Research, Journal of Consumer Research found that people who are going through a break up or relationship problems they prefer to listen to a music. Studying with a Music The studies have shown that Music there’s a right kind of music that will help you in studying that can help you to concentrate better. It is perfect for studying, doing some home works, and lastly while studying for an exam. It helps you to cut down Distractions and helps you to focus more to your work. (UNC Charlotte and University City, 2014) According to Sheela Doraiswamy the Student were given 5 Serial Recall Test in Different Senarios: â€Å"1. Quiet environment 2. with â€Å"steady state† speech. This means a single word (in this case, â€Å"three†) was repeated for the duration of the test 3. with â€Å"changing state† speech. It means Variety of Words (in this case, random digits from 1-9) were played during the test 4. with â€Å"liked† music, meaning a song of the student’s choice (such as Lady Gaga, Rihanna, or Arcade Fire). Students brought in their own music; the only requirement was that it had to have vocals 5. With â€Å"disliked† music, which in this case was a metal song called â€Å"Thrashers† by Death Angel (all students in the study disliked metal)† The results was surprisingly, found out that there is no significant difference between the scores of those 5 Serial Recalls Test. In other word, even though the student is enjoying or not with a particular music, having it on while they worked was just as distracting as hearing someone talk. The Score in Quiet Environment is higher than others. The Researcher Hypothesize that they will see same results when they will conduct this procedure again using a Reading Comprehension Test. (Doraiswamy, 2012) I conclude that listening to music when we are reviewing for an exam or doing Home works is a Choice because it seems that in general, music with vocals is distracting for us. While instrumental helps you perform well. (Doraiswamy, 2012) Studying without music / in a silent room David Cutler said He noticed that several students are fond of listening to music while doing something. There are Impaired Performance REFERENCES Books Bonds, Mark Evan, (2003). A History of Music in Western Culture, New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc. Harvard Business School, (2006). The Essentials of Strategy, United States, Press Kennedy, Michael, (2004). Dictionary of Music, Hoo, near Rochester, Oxford University Press Recto, Angel, (2005). Foundations of Education, Sampaloc, Manila, Rex Book Store Wilentz, Sean, (2010). Bob Dylan in America, United States, Doubleday Websites Peter Rutenburg (year not stated). The Importance of Music in Everyone’s Life. Retrieved from https.

Exploring Why We Enjoy the Anti-Hero Essay -- The Rise of the Anti-Her

There is no doubt that the popularity of the anti-hero as we know it has increased in recent times. With unlikely, yet popular moral gray protagonists like Jack Bauer, Dexter, and Gregory House leading some of the most popular TV shows and characters like James Bond, Lisbeth Salander, Tyler Durden (from Fight Club), and Jack Sparrow being some of the most memorable in movies, it is not surprising that there has been an increased interest to understand what causes this characters to be so popular (Peter Jonason in et al., 193). What is it that makes them as likeable, if not more, than a normal hero? How come we relate to characters that perform actions that, if done in real life, would cause us to see them in a whole different light? My argument is that an increased understanding in the human psyche has enabled us to see through our preconceived moral standards to accept and, in many cases, admire these anti-heros. Under the right circumstances, almost any action is permissible (albeit not necessarily right or wrong). The readers, however, must undergo a process of exposure to the anti-hero and the world she inhabits before they permit her actions. This process of â€Å"disengagement† (presented by Daniel Shafer and Arthur Raney) is what enables the reader to change his preconceived moral standards, at least in the anti-hero’s universe, to actually enjoy the story. Before explaining the big picture, however, I think it is important to understand how the enjoyment of stories can be weighted. The enjoyment of most narratives is measured through the affective disposition theory (ADT). Shafer and Raney explain that: â€Å"ADT is generally considered the most comprehensive theory explaining the process through which enjoyment is derived ... ...mpathy, understand her flaws and what lead her to be the way she is, and feel those appeals to our primitive feelings related to the Dark Triad of personality traits when she kicks some butt, we can finally enjoy the positive emotions which would be condemned as wrong in the real world. Works Cited Funk, C. and Gazzaniga, M. â€Å"The functional brain architecture of human morality†. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19 (2009): 678-681. Web. Hemley, R. â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil, What to Do About Difficult Characters†. Creating Fiction (1999): Edited by Julie Checkoway. Story Press. Jonason, P. â€Å"The Antihero in Popular Culture: Life History Theory and the Dark Triad Personality Traits†. Review of general psychology 16.2 (2012): 192-199. Web. Shafer, D. and Raney, A. â€Å"Exploring How We Enjoy Antihero Narratives†. Journal of Communications 62 (2012): 1028-1046. Web.

Accounting Report Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Accounting Report Anyone considering accounting needs to assess whether this career fits his or her interests, abilities, and aspirations. There are certain qualities and qualifications, however, that a person should consider before making a commitment to a particular career field. Selecting a career can take a lot of time, and many people do not choose until they are adults. Contributing to the difficulty in choosing a career is the vast number of vocations from which to choose. The field of accounting alone covers dozens of types of accountants and dozens of jobs. In trying to decide whether accounting is an appropriate career choice, a person should talk with bookkeepers and accountants that have years of experience. Ask questions about their daily work requirements, their likes and dislikes about accounting, and how they became interested in the profession. Questions such as these can give a person insight into the profession and help in considering accounting as a career. Accounting is a system used to provide financial information about a business or person. Accountants prepare and analyze financial records for individuals, companies, governments, or other organizations. Accounting is a basic need for every business, and the term business has been broadened to mean any operation that deals with money. That includes families and corporations, and also schools, theaters, art galleries, charitable organizations, and even some private persons. People sometimes call accounting â€Å"the language of business† because accounting data are used to detail firms activities. Accounting tells the history of a business or person in numbers. Over one million people are employed as accountants, and most can be found in private business and industry. â€Å"Nearly 40 percent of all accountants are certified, and about 10 percent are self-employed’(Caruna, 1). In addition to openings resulting from growth, the need to replace accountants who retire or transfer to other occupations will produce thousands of job opening annually in this large occupation. The Occupational Outlook Handbook states that the expansion of accountants is related to: â€Å"increasingly complex taxation, growth in both the size and the number of business corporations required to release financial reports to stockholders, a more general use of accounting in the management of business, and outsourcing of a... ...anning and control. â€Å"Other examples of consulting projects of CPA firms are: advising and developing a system for a stock exchange, assisting a new integrated financial management system for New York City, and helping several major railroads with resource planning† (Rosenthal, 22). A career in management consulting offers the opportunity to work with a company’s executives in applying the concepts of modern management and information technology. The final level of entry into public accounting is entrepreneurial services. In the book Careers in Accounting, it says that working in the entrepreneurial field â€Å"is a fast-growing and dynamic area that has been formed in most large firms in the last few years† (5). The person working in this area deals with the special requirements of a startup or growing company. Professionals in this group are involved in counseling and advising the emerging or middle-market company that may lack the resources to successfully handle planning, cost control, attracting capital, going public, or choosing the right information system or compensation plan. Audit, tax, and management consulting skills are all used to fill the needs of an emerging business.

evilmac Essay on Evil in Shakespeares Richard III and Macbeth

Vision of Evil in Richard III and Macbeth    Shakesperae’s play Macbeth is in some respects a relatively simple play. Like Richard III its’ structure follows a standard conventional form: the rise and fall of a great man. The first part of the play follows Macbeth's rise to power. By 3.1 he has assumed the kingship. The rest of the play follows the disintegration of all he has achieved, a process that culminates with his death and the installment of new king. In that sense, there is very little difference in the structure between Richard III and Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But, of course, they are vastly different plays. The key difference is the psychological portrait of the hero. In Richard III there is an amalgam of different theatrical depictions of evil and that the predominant one was the Vice-Machiavel, the Devil incarnate, who is presented in such a way that we are not encouraged to probe very much into his motivation, his psychological response to events as they unfold, and his disintegration. We do have some clear hints at a possible psychological source for Richard's conduct (the opening soliloquy points to his deformity and his inability to love), but I suggested that these are more symbols of his evil than their cause. This approach to Richard's character allows us to develop in more detail an appreciation for how much the effects of this play depend upon Richard's theatricality, on his outward behaviour (which he invites us to admire in a shared understanding of how clever he is in comparison w ith everyone else), rather than on any inward complexity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth is totally different. There is nothing at all theatrical about the presentation of his character. He does not confide in us or seek to e... ...ll always be such people, often among the best and the brightest – politicians, business and community leaders, entertainers and sports figures. So overcoming one particular person is no final triumph of anything. It is a reminder of just how fragile the basic moral assumptions we make about ourselves can be. In that sense, Macbeth, like all great tragedies, is potentially a very emotionally disturbing play. It does not reassure us that the forces of good will always prevail, rather that the powers of darkness are always present, for all our pious hopes and beliefs. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Richard III. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997) Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999.

Microbiological routes for the production

Microbiological Paths For The Production Of Pharmaceutical Products.IntroductionMicrobiological Aspects Of PenicillinRecent publications and primary literature suggest that penicillin is an first-class curative agent which increases its demand for clinical application and chemical surveies. Microbiological production, chemical purification and isolation are major jobs associated with its usage. Penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum in really infinitesimal measures and its civilizations were investigated for big scale production of penicillin. Cultures of P.notatum tend to spontaneously lose their penicillin-producing ability due to physiological or biochemical devolution. Penicillin activity straight depends upon the nature of strain. It is critical to choose strains of highest authority for maximal penicillin activity. All the strains are different from each other in their penicillin-forming ability. 1. Penicillin production in Penicillium Chrysogenum. Biosynthesis of lysine and Penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum is regulated by ramifying point intermediate ?-aminoadipate. In penicillin tract, it is condensed with L-valine and L-cysteine to organize tripeptide by ACV synthetase. The internal ?-aminoadipate pool plays a critical function in lysine and penicillin biogenesis. The break of lys2 cistron directs the pool towards penicillin biogenesis ensuing in penicillin over-production. The targeted break was carried out by utilizing two different techniques and their consequence on penicillin production was studied. P.chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 ( low-level penicillin-producing strain ) and P.chrysogenum pyrG1 mutant strains were used in transmutation experiments. P. Chrysogenum L2, a lysine auxotroph was used as a control. Spores of P.chrysogenum were collected from home bases of power medium after holding grown for 5 yearss at 28Â °C. Two plasmids pDL1 and pDL7 which differed in selectable marker and size of DNA part homologous to a im were selected for break of lys2 by a individual crossing over. pDL1 includes ble ( phleomycin opposition ) cistron while pDL7 contains pyrG cistron as a selectable marker. Out of 495 transformants tested, 2 lysine auxotrophs ringers ( TD7-88 and TD7-115 ) were obtained. Both were unable to turn in Czapek medium supplemented with ?-aminoadipic acid while P.chrysogenum L2 ( command strain ) grew. These consequences proved that lys2 cistron is disrupted in TD7-88 and TD7-115 strains. Two plasmids pDL2 and pDL10 were constructed for break of lys2 cistron by dual recombination. Out of 964 transformants tested, merely one lysine auxotroph ( TD10-195 ) was obtained which was unable to turn in ?-aminoadipic acid supplemented Czapek medium. Transformants TD10-195 and TD7-115 were more stable without any reversion rate as compared to TD7-88 with really low degree of stableness. Although the growing of transformants were slower than parental strain in defined medium incorporating 4.0 Mm lys ine, the penicillin degrees were double from those observed in parental strain at 96, 120, and 144 H and threefold higher at 168 H. 2. Penicillin Production by Fungi turning on nutrient merchandises. Many fungous species widely used as commercial starting motors such as P.nalgiovense, P.chrysogenum, P. Verrucosum, P.griseofulvum and P.roqueforti were used to analyse the production of penicillin while turning on nutrient merchandises and presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons in Fungi of genus Penicillium. The synthesis of toxic compounds might besides be secreted to nutrient merchandises. All the strains were screened utilizing bio-assaies in both solid and liquid medium with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as a trial strain to observe penicillin production. Antibacterial activity was found in P.chrysogenum, P.griseofulvum NRRl 2300 and P.nalgiovense. ?-lactamase signifier Bacillus Cereus UL1 was used to prove whether the antibacterial activity was due to penicillin or other substance. Result indicate that antibacterial activity can be attributed to ?-lactam antibiotic penicillin. Agitation of liquid submerged civilizations of P.griseofulvam was carried out to corroborate peni cillin production which proved that P.griseofulvam strain NRRL 2300 had highest production degree. Southern smudge analysis was used to analyze the presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons. The presence of penicillin cistron bunch in P.griseofulvum proved that the antibacterial activity observed is due to penicillin. P.griseofulvum which is a possible beginning of penicillin in nutrient merchandises can be often isolated from maize, barley, wheat, flour etc. In instance of P. Verrucosum, the antibacterial activity observed was due to either patulin or penicilic acid as it contains merely one cistron of penicillin cistron bunch. Both patulin or penicilic acid are secondary metabolites produced by different strains of Fungi. In order to obtain safe and high quality nutrient merchandises, antibiotic and toxin production by nutrient micro-organisms should be analysed and studied in item. It besides helps to bring forth modified strains in which the synthesis of toxic compounds can b e eliminated without losing their food-ripening and flavorer belongingss. 3. Production of penicillin in methylotropic barm Hansenula polymorpha. -lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and Mefoxins are largest selling antibiotics against bacterial infections. Industrially, penicillin and Mefoxins are produced by filiform Fungis Penicillium.chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum severally. The chief purpose was to present penicillin biogenesis tract into yeast Hansenula polymorpha as it is more various, easy to manage and cultivate with superior agitation belongingss as compared to filiform Fungis. In penicillin tract, peptide synthetase ?-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase signifiers tripeptide ACV. It is converted into isopenicillin N ( IPN ) by enzyme isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) . The pcbC cistron which encodes IPNS was cloned in H.polymorpha intoxicant oxidase booster in pHIPX4 and integrated at PAOX venue in H.polymorpha genome. A strain ( IPNS 4.2 ) incorporating pcbC look cassette was cultivated at 37Â °C on methyl alcohol medium to bring on PAOX. Wild type H.polymorpha serves as control strain. Aliquots were taken a t regular clip intervals to analyze IPNS protein. Western smudges prepared utilizing rough infusions of H.polymorpha and P.chrysogenum revealed that strain IPNS 4.2 produces an ?-IPNS specific protein. IPNS was produced at all growing temperatures in strain IPNS 4.2. In stationary growing stage, comparatively low IPNS protein degrees were observed in cells grown at 37Â °C. It was assumed that hapless or slow folding of protein at high temperature can be an intrinsic factor. However, IPNS protein was to the full stable and its degree was significantly enhanced at 25Â °C if compared to its production at 37Â °C and 30Â °C.The sum is comparable to highest penicillin bring forthing strains of P.Chrysogenum. Results indicate that penicillin production in heterologus barm was merely successful at decreased growing temperatures. As yeast genome does non encode non – ribosomal peptide synthetases such as ACVs, the following measure will be to infix functionally active ACVS in hete rologus host in order to present full penicillin biogenesis tract in H.polymorpha. 4. Penicillin production in surface civilizations of P.notatum. Two-liter Erlrnmeyer flasks incorporating czapek-Dox medium were inoculated with P.notatum and incubated at 25Â °C. It was tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in alimentary stock by ordinary dilution methods. The pH of the medium fell from 6.5 to 3.0-4.0 and remained low throughout. Neutralized samples showed high antibacterial activity and batches runing from 10 to 100 liters were extracted with amyl ethanoate at pH 2. It was assumed that penicillin in these civilizations existed in non-extractable signifier. The pellicles were thin, without furrows or spores, and liquid with swoon xanthous touch. The antibacterial activity was extractible at pH 2 with organic dissolvers when the medium was supplemented with yeast infusion, brain-heart extract. In brown sugar medium ( dark brown sugar, 2 per cent ; NaNO3, 0.35 ; MgSO4.7 H20, 0.05 ; KCI, 0.05, KH2PO4, 0.15 ; FeSO4.7H20, 0.015 ) growing is more rapid and abundant accompanied by intense xanthous pigmentatio n ( chrysogenin ) as compared to czapek-Dox medium. The sourness falls in early phases from pH 5.5 to 4.5 and so rises to 8.0. Penicillin started roll uping on 5th twenty-four hours with upper limit on the eleventh to the 13th twenty-four hours. Maximum penicillin activity appeared after maximal growing was attained. All the sugar was consumed before maximal penicillin was accumulated. 5. Penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. Experiments with submersed civilizations were conducted on machines agitating at rate of 60 to 90rpm, with maximal growing observed over a period of 6 to 10 yearss at 25Â °C. Brown sugar medium was distributed in 80-ml measures in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks and inoculated with a spore suspension of P.notatum, strain 832. The flasks were incubated at 25Â °C on a shaking machine. Growth commenced on the 2nd twenty-four hours with maximal growing appeared as little unit of ammunition pellets of mycelium. Penicillin started roll uping on 3rd or 4th twenty-four hours and reached its maximal value ( 20 to 30 oxford units per milliliter ) on 7th or 8th twenty-four hours. Organic fraction in brown sugar is responsible for penicillin-promoting capacity. Zinc besides had a catalyzing consequence. The shingle or submersed civilization technique provides better aeration as compared to come up civilization. By turning P.notatum strains in shake civilization, variable factors of diffusion and pell icle formation are eliminated, while growing and metabolic procedures are accelerated. Care of an equal O supply is indispensable in the penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. 6. Aculeacin A Acylase as an industrial biocatalyst for production of penicillin Aculeacin A Acylase ( AuAAC ) from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL 12052 catalyzes hydrolyses of acyl medieties of fungicidal antibiotics. As AuAAC was similar to ? -lactam acylase, it was investigated whether AuAAC would act as new ? -lactam acylase. An engineered aac cistron was made and cloned into look vector pEM4. The cistron was amplified by PCR utilizing chromosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid from A. utahensis NRRL 12052. Primers were designed harmonizing to the DNA sequence of aac cistron. Purified PCR merchandises were digested with XbaI and EcoRI endonuclease and cloned into pEM4 vector. The ensuing plasmid was so introduced in S.lividans 1326. The AuAAC output was 21-fold higher in recombinant strain produced by S. Lividans ( pEAAC ) as compared to A.utahensis. Its pureness was determined by Na dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis. The thermic stableness was studied by pre-incubating AAC for 20 min at different temperatures. It was stable up to 50Â °C and so reduced at higher temperature. It was determined that purified recombinant AuAAC is able to hydrolyse penicillin V. The kinetic parametric quantities for hydrolyses of different natural ?-lactam antibiotics were determined to analyze hydrolytic specificity of recombinant AuAAC. The pure recombinant enzyme was incubated with increasing concentrations of penicillins ( V, K, F, dihydroF, and G ) in 100 mM K phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 at 45Â °C for 15 min in 100 Â µl. AuAAC shows the same substrate specificity if compared to penicillin V acylase on natural penicillins. Penicillin K was best substrate for which AuAAC shows highest biomolecular changeless value of 34.79 mM-1 s-1. Result suggest that AuAAC from A.utahensis should be considered as new subfamily of ?-lactam acylases and it should besides be considered as an industrial biocatalyst for production of man-made penicillins.Mentions1. Finch, R. G. , Greenwood, D. , Norrby, S. R. & A ; Whitley, R. J. ( 2003 ) . Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. A nti-infective agents and their usage in therapy. ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Churchill Livingstone. 2. Hutter, R. , Leisinger, T. , Nuesch, J. & A ; Wehrli, W. ( 1978 ) . Antibiotics and Other Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis and Production. New York: Academic Press. 3. Flynn, E. H. ( 1972 ) . Cephalosporins and Penicillins.Chemistry and Biology. New York: Academic Press. 4. Casqueiro, J. , Gutierrez, S. , Banuelos, O. , Hijarrubia, M. J. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 1999 ) . Gene Targeting in Penicillium chrysogenum: Break of the lys 2 Gene Leads to Penicillin Overproduction. Journal of Bacteriology, 181 ( 4 ) , 1181-1188. 5. Laich, F. , Fierro, F. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 2002 ) . Production of Penicillin by Fungi Turning on Food Merchandises: Designation of a complete Penicillin Gene Cluster in Penicillium griseofulvum and a Truncated Cluster in Penicillium verrucosum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68 ( 3 ) , 1211-1219. 6. Gidijala, L. , Bovenberg R. , Klaassen, P. , Van der Klei, I. J. , Veenhuis, M. & A ; Kiel, J.A. ( 2008 ) . Production of functionally active Penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin N synthase in the barm Hansenula polymorpha. BMC Biotechnology,29 ( 8 ) , 1472-6750. 7. Torres-Bacete, J. , Hormigo, D. , Stuart, M. , Arroyo, M. , Torres, P. , Castillon, M.P. , et Al. ( 2007 ) . Newly Discovered Penicillin Acylase Activity of Aculeacin A Acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,73 ( 16 ) 5378-5381. 8. Sprote, P. , Brakhage, A. A. & A ; Hynes, M. J. ( 2009 ) . Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryotic Cell, 8 ( 3 ) , 421-423.

Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay

In peculiar, the categorization of the art of learning as adult females work has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. Male simple instructors can be important function theoretical accounts for their pupils. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need such important positive function theoretical accounts to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society and to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950, 1968 ) .A As such it is believed that mal e figures in our school system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that there is small fluctuation the work that male and female instructors really do, but they tend to be different in their interactions. Teachers should take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that immature male childs have been affected by the diminution in male instructors in their developmental old ages ( considered to be preschool age 2 to 12 old ages ) . Furthermore he states that male childs are able to derive more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, but they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † Simply put boys learn more when they are instructed by male instructo rs. Not merely do work forces hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment in male childs but they are besides indispensable in portraying and patterning maleness and manhood ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that one of the major issues environing academic failure in immature male childs is the fact that they are surrounded by preponderantly female instructors, therefore it is ingrained in their mind that school work is something for misss to make. They seldom see males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity and hence there is struggle with their maleness. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to correction given by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. One might reason that this might be strictly incidental. However, unless a female instructor exhibits masculine authorization manners or inordinate force, they appear to accomplish minimum or ephemeral consequences when covering with particularly riotous and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Due to this, boys are by and large disengaged from academic activities because most of the female instructors merely do non hold the capacity, desire or energy to cover with them. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † One statement may be that the primary important figures in the lives of immature male childs who have become a threat in some of our schools are preponderantly female instructors and/or individual female parents, aunties or grandmas. This could bespeak that even with the best attempts and purposes, immature male childs seem to be unaffected of perturbed by these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Though, research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over sense of ego regard, unity, ego assurance is fostered when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. This research paper has clearly shown that the inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils. While driving on a main road, one may detect a big hoarding demoing a male parent learning his kid to sit a motorcycle, an activity which is seen by society which males prefer, instead than females for diversion. Soon, there are strong group differences between males and females, haltering success to alter structural inequalities between work forces and adult females in employment and the place ( Cox, 1987 ) . A recent study conducted by the National Education Association ( NEA ) , reported that work forces accounted for less than one-quarter of all instructors. Additionally, it revealed that a good balance between male and female instructors in an instruction installation AIDSs in a better acquisition environment. Although male instructors may sometimes miss gradualness and contemplation, they make up for it in enthusiasm, wit, and earnestness. Enrolling more male instructors will therefore profit the instruction system given that they are merely as effectual and efficient as female s at instructors or even better. One statement against aiming work forces for instruction is that gender is irrelevant, as adult females are rather capable of executing typical male activities with kids such as kicking a football. However, without male instructors kids will go on to keep the stereotyped position that instruction is a female business. A staff consisting of both male and female instructors is better able to back up equal chances for both male childs and misss, and to make environments that respect every person ( Coulter & A ; McNay, 1993 ) . Martino ( 2008 ) provinces: â€Å" In peculiar, the categorization of the art of instruction as â€Å" adult females ‘s work † has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field † ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need a important and positive function theoretical account to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society every bit good as to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together, a undertaking which female instructors can non carry through. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950 ) .A As such, it is believed that male figures in our s chool system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that while there is small fluctuation in the work that male and female instructors really do, they tend to be different in their interactions. Male and female instruction manners take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that due to the diminution in male instructors, the developmental old ages of male childs ( considered to be from two to twelve old ages ) have been affected soberly. Furthermore, he explained that boys gain more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, as they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † As a effect, boys learn at a faster rate when they are educated by male instead than fema le instructors. Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that a cardinal issue environing academic failure in male child is the fact that they are surrounded chiefly by female instructors ; for that ground it is embedded in their mind that â€Å" school work † is to some extent for misss to make. They seldom observe males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity ; hence, struggle with their maleness arises. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to rectification and subject imposed by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. It is argued that this might be merely incidental. However, if a female instructor does non exhibit certain masculine authorization manners or utmost energy, they seem to accomplish minimum or short-run consequences when covering with peculiarly disorderly and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Therefore, male childs tend to be by and large disconnected from academe due to the fact that most female instructors do non hold the competency, will or energy to cover with their exuberance behaviour. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † It is argued that the prevailing important figures present in the lives of immature male childs who have developed into a nuisance in schools are chiefly female instructors and/or individual female parents, grandmas or aunties. This perchance will bespeak that even with a combination of difficult work and good purposes, immature male childs seem to be imperviable of these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over a sense of dignity, morality and ego assurance is encouraged when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. The inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils.