MNEs and Globalizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MNEs and Globalizations - Essay Example Global marketing means a fully integrated worldwide strategy based on consistent brand selling. These companies are progressive. The dynamic forces inherent in all progressive companies are logically directed toward growth and expansion. When the opportunities for growth become limited in domestic markets, for whatever reason, there is no place to turn but to foreign areas. Controlling the far-flung global corporation-communicating with distributors and suppliers, operating 24 hours a day in different national environments, servicing local and international reporting needs-is a major business challenge that requires powerful information system responses (Buckley & Ghauri, 1999). Contemporary developments show that MNEs is that part of the process of global management that is concerned with the maintenance of human relationships and ensuring the physical well being of employees so that they give the maximum contribution to efficient working. Back in the industrialized nations, however, there is an increasing sense of social distress as workers see their plants close and jobs shipped out of the country. Also, MNEs support cultural globalization and integration dictating new patterns of consumption and buying. For instance, McDonald's Corporation is one of the best examples of MNE's impact on the global scale. ... Fried chicken is on the menu in many Asian countries. Other offerings include banana fruit pies in Latin America, Kiwiburger (served with beet root sauce) in New Zealand, beer in Germany, McSpaghetti noodles and a sweeter Burger McDo in the Philippines. In some countries, McDonald's changes its food preparation methods to comply with religious customs. This consumption culture creates new forms of control known as 'global colonialism' (Banerjee & Linstead, 2001, p. 683). MNEs created standardized products driving value and customer's taste. For many MNEs, the changing environment combines elements of both new products and HRM policies aimed to improve organizational performance and global position. The process of global HRM, however, is typically much more complex, and interesting, than traditional one. MNEs must deal with a number of key differences in foreign environments as compared to home environments (Black, 1999). The improvement of economic and social well-being is influenced by the simultaneous interaction of political, social, economic, and cultural factors-the level of resource endowment, the extent of industrialization, prevailing cultural norms about family size, and the ability and willingness of governments to make often politically costly development decisions. Also involved is the degree of penetration of rich countries in the economies of poor countries. According to Lodge & Wilson (2006): "MNC involvement is crucial to poverty reduction for two reasons: the reduction of poverty depends on the growth of business, and poverty reduction requires systemic change, and MNCs are the world's most efficient and sustainable engines of change". Meanwhile, a dispersal of productive wealth is

The Principal Psychological Perspectives Children And Young People Essay

The Principal Psychological Perspectives Children And Young People Essay Humanistic approach focuses on each individuals needs, potential, growth and self-actualization, as they believe that people are all different because everyone is seen as an individual. Humanistic starts from the assumption that every individual has their own unique way of understanding the world and that the things they do only make sense in this path. Furthermore humanistic also openly supports the idea that people have a free will and are capable of choosing their own actions towards growth and fulfilment of their own potentials as their roles are focused on how people can be helped to fulfil their potentials and lead more satisfied lives as the main strength of the humanistic approach is to emphasize the role of the individuals and the subjective meanings to them. Carl Rogers idea of behaviour was focused on the self, which is the persons consciousness of their own identity. Rogers believed that people could only fulfil their potentials for growth if they had a basic positive view of themselves such as having a positive self regard, self concept, self esteem and self confidence. These are important as it is made up of how we assess ourselves and how we see our personality and how we rate our skills and abilities as when we have self esteem our assessment is more positive. This also would occur if individuals have the absolute positive concept off of other people, for example if individuals are being valued and respected without hesitation by those around, people would then gain positive concepts towards themselves and if these needs are not met or fulfilled people would see themselves as worthless, useless, unloved or hopeless. From a young age people start to form a self concept as people around them such as parents or siblings, for example y oung children may want to dress up as their parents or try on their siblings clothings as they seek to gain acceptance and positive feedbacks. Mostly many childrens form self concept from the media as it is worldwide and the fashionable clothings they see on TV they may feel to copy off it to keep up with the fashion that out or to feel good about themselves and for others to compliment them as the media could put many ideas in childrens head. Carl Rogers also believed that if at a young age, childrens are bad, ugly, dumb or silly they will grow in to always thinking these negative self concepts about themselves as when young children gain a negative comment it would stick to them till their older and may also start to have doubt or limit their abilities or skills due to containing the negative aspects upon themselves. Carl Rogers noticed and acknowledged there is a barrier as most people do not gain positive concepts off of others as it is being unreserved. Rather, people think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain conditions of worth, for example being well behaved and passing exams etc. these conditions of worth creates strength within the self between the real self such as how the person really is and the ideal self such as how others think they should be. Carl Rogers saw that people try to close the gaps between the real and the ideal self but most people do this in unhelpful ways such as chasing ach ievements that would not make themselves satisfied or to change their view of themselves of the world. Abraham Maslows view of human needs was more complex than Carl Rogers. As Carl Rogers believed that people needed unconditional positive regard, Abraham Maslow acknowledged that people have a variety of different needs that change and needs to be satisfied at different times. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was a psychologist who described a hierarchy of human needs as he believed that everyone should seek to be the best that they can be holistically. Unless our physical needs are met, people will not be able to survive as the most basic needs are towards the bottom and work its way up but before they move up their basic needs should be met before they approach the next level. Abraham Maslow believed that those who are fully satisfied all their needs might become self-actualisers which means those people who have fulfilled their potentials completely. File:Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.svg Basic Physical needs food and water, which is appropriate meets dietary and religious requirements and reflect individual likes; accommodation with heating which would allow people to move around and feel safe, clothing which is clean, comfortable and appropriate to the temperature of the weather and activities Safety and security needs living in accommodation which feels safe and secure, with chosen belongings around with sufficient money and privacy Social needs being able to maintain relationship which would make people feels cared for and loved as well as opportunities to make new friends and having interests and keeping in contact with family and friends though visits, telephone calls and email. This will allow the opportunity to join a group try different activities and spend time with family and friends. Self esteem feeling good about yourself and being treated with respect and dignity by other people, as being treated as a person with rights to make choices and express thoughts and feelings Self actualization opportunities to express yourself through words, music or art, the chance to learn and develop new skills and be mentally stimulated, perhaps through hobbies, interests and contact with other people. P2: Explain different psychological approaches to health practice P3: Explain different psychological approaches to social practise Applying the Humanistic Approach to Health and Social Care Person Centred Approach This approach is based on the theory and philosophy of Carl Rogers as he became famous and well known after he had implemented and developed a particular type of approach based on people working in a way that meet the needs of the individuals, and responds to a verity of different contexts. Person centred planning discovers and acts on what is important to a person as this would be done in a non-directive way by either councillors or therapists. They strongly believe in other peoples potential, ability and skill to make the right choices, regardless of other peoples own values, beliefs and ideas. They would have to give unconditional positive regards such as loving them regardless what and how the clients are. This counselling or therapy should make clients feel the idea that the therapists or councillors are supporting them within their experiences, feelings, beliefs and emotions. By having these needs met Carl Rogers believes that this would help the clients finally accept themselv es of who they really are or how they may look. This would also help them by how they view themselves and would start to think positively about themselves such as worthy, valuable, precious etc. This approach will also empower people in being control of their lives and be the best they can be, as the person centre approach ensures people are safeguarded and have a voice to be heard and have a better future. A person centred approach is not the same way in people normally work as they would be additional such as a way of doing things differently, to achieve better outcomes for children, young people, their families and carers. The role of the person centre approach is to set up activities which are based upon what is important to a person from their own perspectives and which contribute to their addition in society and then start to make progress. This approach is also vital for therapist or councillors to have empathy for example picturing them in the clients position such as what they may have been through or what they are feeling. For some that are dealing with difficulties in their actual self and their ideal self due to not matching, would need someone who could really listen to them and advice them in the best way possible.

Graduation Speech: Its All About the Lives We Touch :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

To be honest, I felt daunted by the task of attempting to sum up "the future"; and, what few key points could I focus on that everyone could relate to and take interest in? After a few weeks of thinking about it, the answer struck me—absolutely nothing. With that in mind, the task became easier, for I no longer aimed to impress but to advise, no longer to appease but to guide. The final result was much more personal and thoughtful than I had ever intended. I asked around to my friends, "When you think of the future, what one word pops into your mind first?" One practical senior replied "technology." He is, of course, quite right. It is impossible to tell what specific advancements await the world in the near future, but it is important to realize that with the power to change the planet through a microchip or one single stem cell, comes the burden of great responsibility. Because of this, America's youth, us, needs to be more ethically attuned than ever before. We must weigh the outcome, the possibility for acclaim and money, always with the ethics of the means. It is only with a balance of technological advancement and morality that this country will move forward and prosper. Marian Wright Edelman succinctly explained, "If we believe in it, if we have faith in it, if we dream it, if we struggle for it, and if we refuse to give up, we can make America a place where truly no child is left behind. What good does it matter for us to be the richest, most powerful nation on earth and lose our soul?" An honest friend of mine replied "fear" when asked about the future. Truthfully, most of us here today are just a little bit afraid. Graduates: you're moving on to new and different things. Families: you're watching them do it. At this leaping-off point, a hand to hold is both a comfort and a guide. Should that hand grip too tightly, however, the spirit becomes shackled. It is impossible to learn, to explore, discover, and to grow under the constant protection of another ¹s wing. Going it alone inspires imagination and resourcefulness. A mind accustomed to the direction of others, one that is used to being told what and when to feel, cannot learn the art of free will. Lastly, over sheltering infringes upon the development of the soul, an incarceration that leads to inner turmoil.

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Additionally, if the slower receipt of payments impacts the organization's ability to quickly pay its own operational expenses then you might also see an increase in the accounts payable liability account. Conversely, on the Income Statement, one would expect to see an increase in the patient revenue account since the deal was that the NCO had longer to pay in trade for a HIGHER reimbursement rate. Also, on the Income Statement as the receivables account increases then you would also see an increase in the Provision for Doubtful Accounts.How might negotiating an NCO contract affect financial statements? The accounts that will be impacted on the Balance Sheet (which was the nature Of my question) are as follows. How does the Provision for Doubtful Accounts work? Posted by ROBERT ADAMS atlas 16, 2015, 8:09 PM If a hospital such as FCC renegotiated an NCO contract that allowed the NCO to take longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate, this would increase patient revenue on the Income Statement because the NCO is paying at a higher rate.However, since the NCO has longer to pay then the Patient Accounts Receivable (A/R) on the Balance Sheet would also increase. As this A/R account increases, the amount booked as Provision for Doubtful Accounts would also increase since this expense is often simply a percentage of the A/R account. OR a more real world response: In the case of FCC, they treat the Provision of Doubtful Accounts as an expense account. This is an account that is used to ‘book† the projected losses associated with carrying a receivables account on the Balance Sheet for patient revenue.You might ask why an organization would need to do this. Well anytime you have a receivables account there is some likelihood that some of that account will go uncollected. Generally, an organization can use historical data to project what percentage of a receivable account might not be collected. Regarding this assignment, FCC renegotiated a prim ary managed care contract which allowed the NCO longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate. The impact of the NCO having longer to pay means that the receivables account would grow.If FCC applies its historical percentage for uncorrectable to a growing receivables account then the Provision for Doubtful Accounts would naturally increase as well. How does purchasing extra inventory change financial statements? As FCC purchases inventory it is placed on the Balance Sheet as an asset. It is VERY important for you all to understand that the supplies expense will not increase on the Income Statement UNTIL the supplies are actually used by FCC. For instance, if FCC purchased $1 of extra inventory this loud be listed as an asset on the Balance Sheet.

Are Mobile Phones a Necessity?

Mobile phones take a big part in our lifes nowadays. Although they are very useful, some people are beginning to ask if they are good for us or we really need them. In my opinion, we can’t talk about an easy life without mobile phone. In the first place, as their reason to be invented, we can connect with other people whenever and wherever we want. We can send messages to people and sometimes it can be very important. Especially at deathlines your saviors are mobile phones. Furthermore, as technology is improved, we can do more than just sending messages or talking with someone with mobile phones. We can save our files, listen music and we can connect to internet. We can receive and share a lot of things. And mobile phones’ cameras are very improved, we can catch very good scenes from life†¦ Nevertheles, there are so many people who say that mobile phones are making our lifes â€Å"short†. I mean mobile phones have a weak point: Radition. As many doctors say, mobile phones spread radition, which can be very dangerous for human life. Also, people say that mobile phones kill face to face relationship, basically people do not go to see their relatives, just call them. All in all, despite their weak points, mobile phones are making the life easier. I believe in future radition problem will be solved and mobiles phones will be exactly safe. And we have not to forget this: People make inventions good or bad†¦

Free Essays on The Ninety Nines

The Aviation world, as with numerous other aspects of the world, has many various â€Å"firsts†. For example the first to fly and airplane: Orville Wright. The first Jet flight: Robert Stanley. The first to fly Mach 1: Charles â€Å"Chuck† Yeager. Leonardo Da Vinci (coincidently the first aviation enthusiast) said it best when he stated that, â€Å"Nothing can be loved or hated unless it is first known.† Unfortunately the birth of aviation did not come at a time when it was appropriate for a woman to fly a plane (therefore never knowing flight), so in turn most of the very significant â€Å"firsts† had already been claimed by men. When the first woman got to â€Å"know† a plane it was not something that she â€Å"hated† but â€Å"loved†. But something that she and many other pilots would come to know and have an immense amount of love and devotion for, despite sabotage, ridicule, hard work, and all while maintaining the composure and duties of a lady. Leading to one firsts that could only be claimed by women: The first club, support group, and educational organization for women all in one: The Ninety-Nines. Throughout history the Ninety-Nines play a lead role in the encouragement, recruitment, and support of women in aviation. Many of the firsts and the accomplishments that were made, and that are still being made today by women, were or are members of the Ninety-Nines. From the first women’s air derbies, to the Amelia Earhart scholarship of today, the Ninety-Nines has been through the thick and the thin, from the start to right now. Women’s desire to wander the skies goes back long before the days of Orville and Wilbur Wright. The first recorded flight for women was in 1784. Elisabeth Thible was the first woman to fly a hot air balloon. It was not until 1798, nearly a decade and a half later, when hot air balloons were deemed airworthy and safe enough for a woman to make her first balloon solo. Jeanne Labrosse was the first wom... Free Essays on The Ninety Nines Free Essays on The Ninety Nines The Aviation world, as with numerous other aspects of the world, has many various â€Å"firsts†. For example the first to fly and airplane: Orville Wright. The first Jet flight: Robert Stanley. The first to fly Mach 1: Charles â€Å"Chuck† Yeager. Leonardo Da Vinci (coincidently the first aviation enthusiast) said it best when he stated that, â€Å"Nothing can be loved or hated unless it is first known.† Unfortunately the birth of aviation did not come at a time when it was appropriate for a woman to fly a plane (therefore never knowing flight), so in turn most of the very significant â€Å"firsts† had already been claimed by men. When the first woman got to â€Å"know† a plane it was not something that she â€Å"hated† but â€Å"loved†. But something that she and many other pilots would come to know and have an immense amount of love and devotion for, despite sabotage, ridicule, hard work, and all while maintaining the composure and duties of a lady. Leading to one firsts that could only be claimed by women: The first club, support group, and educational organization for women all in one: The Ninety-Nines. Throughout history the Ninety-Nines play a lead role in the encouragement, recruitment, and support of women in aviation. Many of the firsts and the accomplishments that were made, and that are still being made today by women, were or are members of the Ninety-Nines. From the first women’s air derbies, to the Amelia Earhart scholarship of today, the Ninety-Nines has been through the thick and the thin, from the start to right now. Women’s desire to wander the skies goes back long before the days of Orville and Wilbur Wright. The first recorded flight for women was in 1784. Elisabeth Thible was the first woman to fly a hot air balloon. It was not until 1798, nearly a decade and a half later, when hot air balloons were deemed airworthy and safe enough for a woman to make her first balloon solo. Jeanne Labrosse was the first wom...

Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essays

Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essays Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essay Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essay Essay Topic: Cause and Effect Alcoholism is the continued excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several reasons. There are numerous factors in how people may become addicted. More than thirteen million Americans abuse alcohol, and over 100,000 deaths are caused by alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism include some, if not all of the following. Drinking secretly or alone, and on a regular basis are early signs of alcoholism. Other symptoms include forgetting things that happened while intoxicated, irritability, an unorganized personal or professional life, and seclusion from things that used to occupy time and amuse one’s self. These symptoms are acquired over time and may be hard to spot. Binge drinking is when somebody consumes large amounts of alcohol. Consuming alcohol has both negative short and long term effects. Some of the short term effects include hangovers, social drinking, and binge drinking. Most of the time, people consume alcohol in moderation. On occasions, people overindulge and take in too much alcohol and then get what is most commonly known as a hangover, or the sick flu like symptoms that many people experience the day after drinking. One cause of a hangover is dehydration. Alcohol is a drug that increases urination and flushes fluids from the body. Too much alcohol depletes the body of necessary substances required to stay healthy, including blood sugar, vitamins and minerals that keep a person alert. Alcoholism treatment is needed for many people in the country and around the world. There are many untreated people who ignore the warning signs and continue to drink. If you or someone you know is looking for methods to treating alcoholism, you have a lot to choose from. There are many ways to approach alcoholism treatment. Many doctors feel that the best method would be a rehabilitation program. Treating alcoholism is a long and very involved process, but if done correctly, treatment can be incredibly effective and successful.

7 Highest Paying Bachelor Degrees

7 Highest Paying Bachelor Degrees Everybody wants to go straight from school into a high-paying career. The trouble is, how can we maximize our chances? The best bet would be to choose a degree that syncs up nicely with the highest-paying careers out there. That way you’ll be set up with the most relevant skills right out of the gate. Here are 7 highest paying bachelor degrees that can steer you into a good job.1. Health Care AdministrationThe health care industry is always at the top of the heap: there’s lots of growth and lots of jobs, many high-paying. Training resources are widely available, and the demand for this kind of work just keeps increasing.You’ll have a relatively easy time finding employment once you’re finished with school. If you’re not ready to commit yet, try a couple of classes in anatomy, statistics, accounting, or physiology and see what you think.2. Computer ScienceNo matter what field you want to end up in, a degree in computer science can really set you up t o stand out at the forefront of the technological vanguard. Whether it’s web building or design, software engineering, A.I., you’ll already have a major foundation laid towards building your career.Most jobs requiring a comp sci degree also pay very well. Try a class or two in computer engineering, computer math, or digital system design if you’re not sure.3. Civil EngineeringYou like to build things, design things, dream big. Fix problems that befuddle everybody else! Make the world a better, more ergonomic place? The country is in sore need of an infrastructure reboot, so jobs requiring a civil engineering degree are going to spike. Good to get in early doors! Try a couple of courses in dynamics, engineering economics, or fluid mechanism for a start. There are lots of others, depending on your school’s catalogue.4. NursingLike Health Care Administration, no matter what you do with a degree in nursing, you’re almost guaranteed a well-paying job. N urses are the backbone of the whole industry. They’re the ones doing 90% of the patient care.If you like all things medicine and really enjoy helping people, try a few courses in chemistry, physiology, anatomy, psychology, or mental health and see if you’d like to pursue more.5. AccountingEverybody needs an accountant–from individuals to small businesses to huge corporations. If you’re good at math and financial systems, this might be a great opportunity for you. The further up the ladder you go as an accountant, the higher the pay. There are lots of accounting courses, and courses on tax and business law that can help you decide if you feel the call.6. PsychologyEven as our reliance on technology increases, there is still a high demand for understanding human behavior. You don’t necessarily have to be a shrink if you get a degree in psychology; you could work for large corporations, in HR, or in industrial relations†¦ the sky’s the lim it. The more emphasis is placed on marketing trends and analysis, the more the demand for those with psychological training will increase.Try out some neuroscience, with some statistical methods, and some perception vs. sensation classes to see how it feels to you.7. Business AdministrationIf you have a bit of the entrepreneurial spirit, this might be a great degree for you. Certainly it will stand you in good stead if you’d like to create and build your own business one day. This degree will give you the planning experience and knowledge to back up all your dreaming and big ideas. Start with classes in financial or operations management, systems and accounting, and other business and marketing topics to prepare yourself.

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Financial Management - Assignment Example Aluminum Bahrain is headquartered in Manama, Bahrain.. As the Current shareholders of the manufacturing company of aluminum it unto the company of aluminum Bahrain makes sure that it builds and designs things and releases them to the public . A product lacked life or value until the users had accepted it who are interested in knowing all the information necessssary to make a critical decision to whether buy ,sell or hold investments in the Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C(Alba).Our focus will be on the following in line with the needs of the users. By 2000 the business had transformed with the purchase of new assets and businesses. The purpose of the acquisition of the new businesses was to establish North africa alluminium companiesfor the Bahrain parent company, rolling labs Industries. At that same time, the rationalized business would bring forth cash flow, infrastructure and economies of scale for the expansion of the business into the rapidly growing markets of Asia, America, . However, in 2014, this company faced a worse situation than it was in earlier . Dollar fluctuations and increase in costs led to lose of a large client base. There was also an increase in costs of production due to the rise in labor costs in Bahrain. Aluminum Bahrain lacks proper and educated and trained workforce .There exists a small number of trained work force. In away these cripples the manufacturing company. Its operations are slowed at the expense of huge production leading to a proper profit Since there are various sub products that the Bahrain company produces there is less promotion of the product as it is limited to the country, The process of innovation is slow while the demand for properly innovative materials is high In order to determine the firm type of the aluminium company its supply and demand are key factors in addition its produced in metric tons. When establishing its demand by market the following factors are considered: The

MRKT - Real-World Write-ups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MRKT - Real-World Write-ups - Article Example 2). The trend in fashion was exemplified by Liberty, a UK based retailer of clothes, in terms of organizing groups of clientele who endeavor to learn on crafts such as knitting and sewing, among others. The same strategy was reported to be applied by Nike, as the company organized sports activities in various community groups that share the same interests. In doing so, the strategy of highlighting shopping as a social activity is reinforced. The value of conversation and effective communication to clients was enhanced by Pizza Express through hiring â€Å"actor Karl James to teach its staff how to better interact with diners† (ibid, par. 17). In addition, retail shops realized the need to retain front line personnel whose role includes persuasion in the sales process. Finally, as stated, â€Å"pop-ups, temporary shops often in unusual spaces, whose lifespan can range from just a couple of hours to a few weeks, are helping to bring some spontaneity and excitement to retailingà ¢â‚¬  (ibid, par. 26).

Income Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Income Inequality - Essay Example en noble countries are among the richest in the world, the figure of income per capita does not add up to the income distribution of the available population of individuals. This proves the income inequality serving in wealthier countries in the current world, especially, the United States and the United Kingdom countries (Beggs, 2015, Pg. 1). Income inequality within such countries is regularly disguised by the national average. This essay focuses on the growing income inequality issue in the wealthiest countries across the globe and the consequences of concealing economic inequality. Economic variation differs between civilizations, historical epochs, economic arrangements and systems. The term can denote a cross sectional distribution of income or capital at any specific era, or to the generated income and capital over lengthier phases of time. There are numerous arithmetical indices for calculating economic disparity. The commonly used methodologies include the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve, however, there are still other methods (Conferenceboard, 2015, Pg. 2). Economists have stressed that income inequality has brought about growing social problem. The economist view that the world cannot be a just and fair place for everything but too much disparity can be damaging. This is because income disparity and wealth focus can obstruct long term growth of a country’s economy. Previous economic studies contrasting disparity in economic growth had been unsatisfying, nevertheless in 2011, the International Monetary Fund economists revealed that bigger income parity, less disparity, heightened the period of countries economic growth development more as compared to while having free trade, low institutional corruption, overseas investment, or small foreign debt (Beggs, 2015, Pg 1). Nevertheless, the increase in income disparity over the past few decades, the subject was mainly overlooked. An article on The Economist post was dedicated on income inequality

Competitive Set Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitive Set Analysis - Assignment Example based on the six companies zip codes: Fairmont Heritage 94109-1192; Joie De Vivre 94109-5817; Holiday Inn Golden 94109-4606; Mithila 94109-6025 and Rodeway Inn 94109-7711. Apart from the 6 rival companies sharing the same locality, they all participate in the STAR report Motel 6 #8089; Rhodeway Inn #5617; Mithila #58885; Joie de Vivre #11872; Holiay Inn #184, Fairmont Heritage #58922 and Courtyard Downtown #42679 (SFTA 2014). The companies also have close proximity to San Francisco International airport making poaching for clients challenging Motel 6 9.1 miles; Courtyard Downtown 5 miles; Joie De Vivre 12 miles; Rode-way Inn 12 miles; Mithila 14.1 miles; Fairmont Heritage 15 miles and Holiday-Inn Golden 16 miles. The companies also have competitive services and prices which influence Motel 6 performance. Their standard lodging rates include Motel 6 $131 per night; Mithila Hotel $80 per night; Rode-way $99 per night; Courtyard Downtown $149 per night; Holiday Inn $184 per night; Joie De Vivre $215 per night and Fairmont Heritage $474 per night (SFTA

The Use of Forecasting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Use of Forecasting - Term Paper Example There are a number of options that can be used to respond to this situation. Since it is clear the organization will overspend when buying the new computers, then actions plans ought to be implemented to cut down on other costs. One of the options that can be used in this situation relates to staff forecasting (Baker and Baker, 2014). The organization can cut down on the number of staff in order to cut down on costs that would otherwise be spent in purchasing the computers. Since planning for the computers is ongoing, them planning should also be going on to cut down on the staff. This option has its own ramifications. Reduced number of staff will definitely elevate stress levels and burn out and this translates to poor services. Poor services means that patients will also be dissatisfied. Dissatisfied patients in many cases will opt to seek care in other facilities hence leading to decreased revenue for the facility. Expense forecasting as cited by the media can be used to identify the availability of resources (Laureate Education Inc, 2012).Identifying available resources within the organization can help spot resource that can be pulled and be used for other purposes. The second option that can be used in this case scenario therefore is to pull resources meant for other purposes within the institution to cover for deficit outlined in the new expense report. This can also have negative effects on the quality of services and patient satisfaction. The pulled funds may have been intended for quality improvement and hence pulling them will mean that they initially intended purpose will not be achieved. The third option would be to push the extra expenses to the next budget such that the department operates on a deficit the coming year. This might also affect the delivery of services due to insufficient funds but the effects can be

Aid for trade is beneficial for developing countries but Coursework

Aid for trade is beneficial for developing countries but disadvantageous for firms in the developed world - Coursework Example It has also been observed that traditional work has a lot of demand across the globe, and generally such work is carried out in villages of developing countries. Providing aid to such developing countries could enable this work get across borders and provide healthy inflow of cash across borders, thereby helping the trade position of the exporting developing country, alongside providing cash to cash stripped producers often located in villages. While trade is beneficial for developing as well as developed countries alike, developed countries generally have substantial resources and they do not really need aid for trade. Giving them further aid only adds onto their pile of wealth and pressurizes them to perform even when they do not have the ability to do so. Rather than providing aid for trade to developed countries, such nations need to focus on new inventions, which can then be traded across the globe. Finally, aid for trade is unhealthy for developed nations from an economic point of view as well as it causes productive and allocative inefficiencies within their economy, and clearly leads to waste of resources that could be put to use much better

The Use of Forecasting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Use of Forecasting - Term Paper Example There are a number of options that can be used to respond to this situation. Since it is clear the organization will overspend when buying the new computers, then actions plans ought to be implemented to cut down on other costs. One of the options that can be used in this situation relates to staff forecasting (Baker and Baker, 2014). The organization can cut down on the number of staff in order to cut down on costs that would otherwise be spent in purchasing the computers. Since planning for the computers is ongoing, them planning should also be going on to cut down on the staff. This option has its own ramifications. Reduced number of staff will definitely elevate stress levels and burn out and this translates to poor services. Poor services means that patients will also be dissatisfied. Dissatisfied patients in many cases will opt to seek care in other facilities hence leading to decreased revenue for the facility. Expense forecasting as cited by the media can be used to identify the availability of resources (Laureate Education Inc, 2012).Identifying available resources within the organization can help spot resource that can be pulled and be used for other purposes. The second option that can be used in this case scenario therefore is to pull resources meant for other purposes within the institution to cover for deficit outlined in the new expense report. This can also have negative effects on the quality of services and patient satisfaction. The pulled funds may have been intended for quality improvement and hence pulling them will mean that they initially intended purpose will not be achieved. The third option would be to push the extra expenses to the next budget such that the department operates on a deficit the coming year. This might also affect the delivery of services due to insufficient funds but the effects can be

Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories in Greece Dissertation

Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories in Greece - Dissertation Example Nutrients and proteins can also be extracted from wastewater for various business purposes. The question is what technology is effective in the treatment of dairy wastewater. Wastewater management, which includes treatment, is part of an effective environmental management system (EMS) which dairy factories should implement immediately at the start of the operation. In countries such as Greece, EMS implementation is not uncommon. This is so because, in the countryside where wastewater usually flows to rivers and adjoining bodies of water, wastewater has to be treated first before it has to be discharged. Environmental impact created by businesses, organizations and dairy factories has to be minimized in order to deliver sustainability for the next generation. An Environmental Management System is a way of addressing the impact on the environment by issuing guidance to organizations, businesses, and governments which maintain or regulate establishments that produce wastewater. An EMS a nswers the environmental compliance regulations and other relevant activities for environmental best practice. An EMS aims for sustainable development in the community, and minimize waste and hazardous materials. It is a set of rules and requirements that set up a policy for environmental promotion and can be effectively implemented through the guidelines set by ISO 14001. The International Standards Organization states that businesses should implement an EMS which carries out its environmental objectives in accordance with the legal and other significant requirements of the organization and the laws of the land. Wastewater treatment, to include reuse and recycle, is a best practice in line with ISO compliance. (Edwards, 2004) There are a number of methodologies in wastewater treatment that have been implemented by the dairy industry, but some problems in the methods have to be identified. This paper, therefore, will provide an in-depth analysis of some of the methods and technologi es available, along with a business model that can be created out of these methods. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this paper are: 1.1.1 To analyse how Greek dairy factories, conduct wastewater treatment and reduce wastewater generation that leads to minimization of effluent-treatment costs, and how to extract proteins and nutrients from wastewater; 1.1.2 To analyse the business side of the treated wastewater, taking into consideration the business model that can be created from the nutrients and proteins extracted and separated from the wastewater; 1.1.3 To provide an in-depth analysis of the methods and technologies available so that clear recommendations can be provided. 2. Literature Review There has to be a holistic view of the various ways of waste production, including collection and treatment and subsequent disposal of wastewater. The treatment to be implemented would depend on what type of wastewater is produced by the dairy factory or pond. Wastewater comes from milk, bu tter, yogurt, ice cream and other varieties which may be composed of desserts. Initial planning of wastewater treatment plant includes the following aspects: 1.) The various data and information gathered from the field surveys should be put together, inputted into a database, and carefully studied; 2.) What type of wastewater collection and system will be implemented?

Social Media Influences Your Shopping Behaviour Marketing Essay

Social Media Influences Your Shopping Behaviour Marketing Essay Social media is constantly evolving and changing with more and more people around the world jumping on the social media bandwagon. This has impacted and influenced the buying behavior of the people. People are much more informed now and like to read opinions and reviews of other people online before buying any product or service. This report will look at how the buying behavior has been impacted and which stages of the decision making process have been influenced by the rise of social media. This has also changed the way companies used to market their products and services. Now, companies also need to use social media to interact with their customers, market their products, solve the problems faced by customer etc. Social media has given a wonderful platform to the companies for a two way interaction with the customers. Further, the younger generation has been impacted the most as they are the majority users of social networks and hence their buying behavior has under gone a drastic change. Table of Contents Introduction The report will analyze how social media has impacted and influenced the buying behavior of people. Nowadays it is common to see everybody around us joining Facebook, Myspace, Twitter etc. The interactions of people on these social networks impact their opinions about various products which in turn influences their buying behavior. This influence will be analyzed using relevant theories related to buying behavior and social media usage. What is Social Media? Social Media is defined as the use of web-based and mobile technologies which turn communication into interactive dialogue. Kaplan and Haenlein (2009) define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which allows the creation and exchange of user-generated content. There are various internet based applications which are driven solely by the media generated by the consumers. These applications act as a platform where users from around the world interact with each other on topics which are of interest to them. Some of the famous social media websites are Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Blogger, MySpace etc. Facebook has more than 600 million users around the world and an estimated 41.6% of the U.S. population is on Facebook (Wells, 2010). These figures show just how popular social networks like Facebook are and how everybody is jumping on the social media bandwagon. Consumer Buying Behavior Process Consumer Buying Behaviour is the decision making process he/she undergoes while choosing a product or a service. The basic steps in the process are as follows: Need Recognition The buyer identifies the need for which the product or service is required. Alternative Search He/she searches for the alternatives that are available in the market in this stage. Alternative Evaluation Evaluation and comparison of all the alternatives on various factors is done in this stage. Purchase Decision The buyer chooses the best alternative and buys it. Post Purchase Evaluation / Dissonance This stage involves evaluating the benefits of the product / service after using it and forming an attitude about it. How Social Media affects the Decision Making Process ? People from all over the world use Social Media to create and share opinions, insights, experiences and perspectives with each other. Social Media affects the Alternative Search and the Alternative Evaluation stages of the decision making process. Lets see how it does that. Alternative Search After the consumer has identified the need for a product or service, he/she goes on the internet and searches for the same. The search results give an idea to the consumer about the alternatives that are available in the market for the required product or service. The various search results take him to various blogs, review sites, online retailers, Facebook page of the product etc. The user forms an opinion about the product after going through the various reviews and comments about the product which are posted by people from around the world on various social media websites. Alternative Evaluation After knowing the available alternatives the user zeros in on two or three brands which satisfy his need. He/she then goes on the internet to do a comparison between the brands and to know the opinion of other customers who hav used that brand below. Additionally, the user may post on his Facebook / Twitter account asking his friends about their opinion on which brand he/she should go for. After considering the reviews on the internet and the opinions of his friends, the user then decides the particular brand that he/she will finally buy. This is quite different from what previously used to happen in the above two stages i.e. before the coming of social media. Previously, the consumer had no option but to go to the market and visit various shops to find about the various alternatives that are available in the market that satisfy his need. Further, the consumer was solely at the disposal of the retailer for the comparison of the available alternatives and for reviews of the same. The retailer further pushed the product which fetched him the greatest margin irrespective of whether the product is good or bad. The chances of this happening now have become very less because the customer has become much more informed now. How has social media changed the nature of promotion and communication to target markets? Before the coming of social media, the information about a product or service originated from the company and was distributed through the sales rep, distributors and the retailers. But now customers have access to this information directly from the company website or by using Google Search, Facebook etc. The information is available on many websites on the internet and the customer is talking to his/her peers to form an opinion about the product. Thus it becomes essential for the companies to ensure that correct information about their products is easily available on the internet. Hence, companies have started using Google Ads and Ads on Facebook etc. to promote their products. They can also use Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to promote their websites by increasing its visibility in search results. SEM industry in USA was 16.6 Billion Dollars in 2010 (SEMPO, 2011). Further, they can create official Facebook account for their products or services so as to give a platform to their customers to discuss the products. These accounts also act as an information channel which works both ways. The company is able to educate the customer about their product, its features, recent promotions etc. and at the same time the company benefits from the consumer feedback it gets from the consumers of its products. The company can further use this feedback to improve and create better products for the future. In the case of Twitter, companies can create an account where they can proactively update their customers aka followers with new updates, answers etc. It is also essential for the company to keep its followers engaged by coming up with different contests and promotions from time to time. This also helps spread the awareness of the companys Twitter account as the company gets more and more followers. Who are the most receptive target markets ? Around 53% of the US Facebook users are aged between 18 34 (Corbett, 2011). This clearly shows that the young population is the most active on social networks and hence is the most receptive target markets for the companies. Young users spend a considerably time everyday on social networks like Facebook and Twitter. Further, with the coming of smartphones it has become much easier for them to keep in touch with their friends etc. Hence, the impact and influence of social media is the most on the buying behavior of young consumer. This makes it much more important for companies whose target market is young people to get on the social media bandwagon and interact with its customers through various channels like Facebook, Twitter, Blogs etc. This two-way interaction will be beneficial to both the customer as well as the company. Conclusion If theres one constant in social media, its change. Social media is rapidly changing and evolving with more and more people around the world joining the social media bandwagon. Further, the social media influences and impacts the two stages in the decision making process of a customer. These stages are Alternatives Search and Alternative Evaluation. Before buying a product, buyers now search on the internet for the same so as to read the reviews and opinions of the other people. This is especially common among the young generation as they are the most active users on the social networks. Hence, the companies need to interact with its customers through social media channels like Facebook, Twitter etc. to effectively market their products to the target audience.

Sustainability Essay -- Sociology Third World Economy Essays

Sustainability Max Weber believed in the power of an idea. This political theorist discussed how Calvinism was one idea that perpetuated the rise of capitalism. Few people ever examine the power of an idea, but if one examines and contemplates this theory, a realization comes across: that ideas drive society. The key premise is that some values of our society must be altered in order to avert catastrophic consequences. The way of life in developed countries is "the origin of many of our most serious problems"(Trainer, 1985). Because developed countries have high material living standards and consume massive quantities of all resources, "hundreds of millions of people in desperate need must go without the materials and energy that could improve their conditions while these resources flow into developed countries, often to produce frivolous luxuries"(Trainer, 1985). People's way of life seems to be a glaring example of values leading to high rates of personal consumption of resources and the waste of these same materials. In addition to overconsumption, the services used to supply our society with goods, (examples of these goods would be food, water, energy, and sewage services.) tends to be wasteful and expensive. Production is organized in such a way, (usually highly centralized) that travel becomes an enormous burden. Another consideration is that our population is expected to increase to rise to eleven billion within the next half century. Considering the mineral and energy resources needed in the future, these estimates must also include the consumption of a population almost doubled from its current status and these same figures must include an expected increase in the affluence of developed countries. "If we are willin... ...st be adopted by every person on the planet, (starting in the developed world), otherwise the world will cease to support life. Bibliography Holdgate, Martin. From Care to Action. 1996. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. Trainer, F.E. Abandon Affluence. 1985. Zed Books Ltd, London. Von Tunzelmann, G. N. Technology and industrial progress : the foundations of economic growth. Aldershot, Hants, England ; Brookfield, Vt., 1995. Adams, W. M. Green development : environment and sustainability in the Third World , W.M. Adams. London ; New York : Routledge, 1990. 5. Anderson, Anthony, B. Alternatives to deforestation : steps toward sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest , editor. New York : Columbia University Press, 1990. 6. Auty, Richard, M. Approaches to sustainable development , edited by Katrina Brown. London ; New York : Pinter, 1997.

God Has the Cure Essay -- Religion, God, The Church

Throughout the ages great thinkers and men with revolutionary ideas have been changing the world of understanding. During the Renaissance men like Vesalius, William Hervey, and Paracelsus revolutionize the understanding of medicine through the use of dissection and constant studying. However these men did not find change easy, the Christian Church was set in their ways and was reluctant to change. People where dying from unknown causes and the church had no answers. The Renaissance was a time for enlightenment and rebirth of new ideas, but the church inability to adapt and adopt the new discoveries and knowledge of medicine left society in the dark ages. The Church was not all prayers and hope when it came to medicine. They did believe in a set of ideas which came into effect, â€Å"3,000 years ago when Hippocrates and Galen created four humors: Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile† (Dawson 8-9). These humors were what doctors used to diagnose patient’s illness based on the balance of each humor. If the patient felt ill, then the doctor would drain blood from the patient and send them on their way. Now medical science knows that blood is responsible for the curing of ailments and by draining that patient’s blood, they are even less likely to recover. The church agreed with Galen because, â€Å"His view was in line with the Christian belief that God had created human beings and therefore the human body must be a perfect creation† (Dawson 14). The church also agreed with Hippocrates because he had gathered his knowledge of human anatomy from the dissection of animals because, â€Å"The human body was seen as sacrilege and doctors faced legal and censure if dissection was attempted† (Kate 2). With this information patients of the Renaissanc... ... looking for hope and finding nothing from the church. The churches inability to change delayed the new understanding and medical advancements for thousands of years. Many questions arise when thinking about this time period, what would our world be like if the great thinker of the time were allowed to work freely? Would there be more cures for deadly disease? And how many lives could have been saved with this knowledge. Those questions will never be answered but the question still stand. The idea of religious freedom from education has been an issue even to this day. Seeing how it worked out for the Renaissance thinkers it will stay as an issue. When one is told what to believe and not to question, they should stop and ask why. Because faith is based on knowledge and knowledge is something that is acquired thought to constant questioning of old ideas.

Bandura’s Social Modeling

Albert Bandura argues that personality is shaped not only by environmental influences on the person, but also by the person’s ability to influence the environment. Social learning states that thinking is an important determinant of behavior.The inclusion of cognitive viewpoints within a behavioral framework has been a relatively recent trend, especially apparent in the work of personality learning theorist J.B. Rotter. Rotter believes that the most important variables in determining personality are the person’s expectations concerning future outcomes and the values of different reinforcements that might occur in a particular situation (Atkinson et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001).In other words, a person’s behavior depends on what he expects the outcome to any particular action to be and what those outcomes are worth. The likelihood that someone will be aggressive when trying to return a merchandise to a department store would depend then, on that person’s e xpectation about whether or not aggression will work (Atkinson et al., 2000).In Bandura’s viewpoint, human motives (Atkinson et al. 2000; Papalia, 2002).   With this premise, the theory is basically leaning toward the philosophical idea of freedom.   Man is free to chart his course and how he is supposed to fulfill his various needs; i.e. his physiological dimension. In addition, the manner with which he carves himself in a particular niche that satisfies his psychological domains is also based on his own volition.There is no flavor of unconscious thoughts pervading motivation like when the idea of psychological instincts being interpreted within Maslow’s understanding; in contrast to this notion, any individual can basically control their own behavior.This theory believes on the capacities of human nature to achieve what man wants to achieve rather than be held captive by forces within him or in his external world; it is the internal determinants such as we may ch oose skills to lie dormant or latent (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002). For example, i may not imitate aggressive behavior unless i am provoked or/and believe that I am more likely to be rewarded by it than punished for it.Since the premise of this theory hinges on freedom, a person’s characteristics therefore are developed by social influences. According to Bandura and later by personality theorist Rotter, Observational Learning,   accounts for most human learning. It occurs when, as children, in my case for instance, I observe my parents cook, clean, or repair a broken appliance.Biology or heritability is deemphasized, rather the value of being introduced on a particular aspect or several aspects of human experience is basis or the basis for the development of human characteristics. There is evidence that observational learning for simple â€Å"single action† tasks, such as opening the halves of a toy barrel to look at a barrel inside, occurs as early as o ne year (Smith et al., 2001).This theory eventually emphasizes individuality or uniqueness, as it fundamentally illustrates in its assertion that every one has the capability for breakthroughs in circumstances which may be difficult. Man is also capable to learn and communicate about himself and others (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002).Observational learning is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement. We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to pay attention to the behavior of others (Atkinson et al., 2000).Since man is free, unique and has the possibilities to accomplish whatever he is set to do, it is also asserted that man is proactive: he can choose how to respond in any situation and may even extend himself to advance his interests, both positive and negative at whatever goal or in whatever circumstance he may be in (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Atkinson et al., 2000).The theory overall is hopefu l and positive in every essence.   Individuals then have all the chances to make their lives fulfilling, impact others on virtues of honesty, charity and generosity, if and when he determines himself to be one.Likewise, he can also influence and negatively affect those that surround him when he chooses to do so. In this perspective then, an individual has high hopes of changing his attitudes and disposition, as well as his physical arrangements in life (Papalia et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2002).

Operational Budget

A budget is a formal plan that estimates the plausible expenditures and income for an organization over a certain amount of time. Seeing that budgets are such a valuable tool for planning and having a control of a company’s finances, budgeting affects nearly every type of organization. Typically a small business contributes in budgeting to determine the most efficient and effective approach making money and increasing its asset base.A financial plan can help a company use its restricted finances in a way that best utilizes existing business opportunities. An operational budget involves the development of monetary tactics for the organization, generally for a year. Though annual budgets need not be subdivided into shorter terms, monthly and/or quarterly budgets are particularly constructive for foreseeing cash needs and for evaluating actual knowledge with plan.An extensive master budget entails planning for all stages of the operation: sales, marketing, manufacturing, engineer ing and general administration. â€Å"Once a budget has been established comparisons may be made with actual results and variances analyzed, budgetary control. Flexible budgetary techniques may also be used to update figures or test alternative courses of action. The advantages and disadvantages of an operating budget are: Advantages| Disadvantages| | |Commitment and motivation of managers| The time taken and the cost of this time| Looks at alternatives| May be unexpected events that affect later results| Sets targets and standards| Information must remain confidential| If predicted volumes change, new sales and costs can be predicted using flexible budget techniques| Managers may treat cost budgets as separate from revenues, and hence over-spend if revenues are not achieved| Looks forward and considers both internal and external factors| | In order to be successful, operating budgets are prepared by departmental managers using the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industr y or similar to give detailed figures for all volumes, sales, costs and hence profits or costs. † (BURGESS, 2009) These may exist by month and could be determined by day for the entire financial year. The three main steps in contributing towards accomplishing a successful operating budget are: planning for achievable target and objectives, comparing the actual numbers to the budget and evaluating to differences, and taking corrective action if necessary. The key pecuniary relation between a strategic plan and an operational plan is the establishment of a departmental financial plan.The strategic plan gives a budget approximation that is based on anticipated revenue. ‘The operational plan provides a more precise number that can be used to measure the success of a strategic plan. If the operational budget is more than the strategic plan provides for, then the company needs to exert more effort to bring the two numbers more in line. † (Rosemary Peavler, 2012) Budgets are a valuable instrument for businesses to use to help evaluate the performance of their firm at the end of the time period that the budget covers. Businesses should look at actual expenses, for instance, compared to budgeted, or planned, expenditures.By doing this, the business can see how much actual expenses assorted from intended expenses in order to improve the budgeting process in the next time period. Businesses also use budgets for the idea of control. If businesses have a master budget to track, then they can carefully manage expenditures during the time period of the budget by evaluating them to the master budget. Budgets help avoid overspending. The budget also gives the company a target to use by which to evaluate the firm. Not only can expenditures be monitored, but so can income inputs. Some disadvantages of budgeting are staff time devoted to budgets bears a potential opportunity cost.The time these workers give to the budgeting process means they are not accessible to accomplish other tasks and responsibilities. There are Errors and imprecision that will always remain since it is unfeasible to forecast the future. There are major external events, such as, rising energy prices or the worldwide recession that may disfigure the whole process. Budgets also involve and affect people therefore they could be basis for conflict since there may be complicated decisions over where restricted funds are spent. Some departments with tight budgets could feel constrained. Therefore, this will carry the risk of frustrating initiative and enterprise.

Food Security Bill Essay

The bill was truncated from the NAC version at the first stage when the government finalized it and then the parliamentary standing committee went along similar lines and recommended further paring down of the benefits. Sources said concerns were raised by the Congress leadership about reducing existing benefits under the Antodaya Anna Yojana to the 2. 5 crore poorest families as well as the recommendation of the standing committee to remove the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) from the mandate of the bill, which was advised by the women and child development ministry. Sources said the party leadership was unhappy with the move to reduce existing entitlements under UPA’s flagship scheme instead of providing larger benefits. The government is likely to revise the bill keeping these views in mind and look at a much higher coverage in at least the 250 poorest districts of the country. The standing committee had recommended providing 5 kg of rations per person to 75% of rural population and 50% of urban India – a formula the government was happy with till the party leadership intervened. The standing committee had recommended doing away with two categories of beneficiaries with differential benefits – a move the government had contemplated anyway after having sent the bill to Parliament. But curtailing the total number of beneficiaries and reducing the benefits to the poorest has not found acceptance with the party leadership, sources said. The government could now consider restoring the monthly allocation to the poorest back to 35 kg of rations per family. Under an apex court order, the poorest and most disadvantaged are provided 35 kg rations at present. With the party keen to see the bill in Parliament during the budget session, a revised version could see the ICDS scheme coming back under the purview of the bill as a legally guaranteed right along with other food delivery mechanisms such as community kitchens. The UPA has already been caught on the back foot with opposition-ruled states providing cheaper rations to greater numbers under their own schemes following the lead of Chhattisgarh. The delay in pushing the bill through, coupled with the constant and often publicly expressed differences between different arms of the government and the UPA on the shape of the legislation have taken the sheen off UPA-2’s big ticket scheme Food Security Bill is affordable The subsidies meant for the poor are always under attack, while the rest are able to retain their privileges. The additional allocation in grain and money terms will neither distort the grain market nor place a burden on the fisc. Many recent commentators have portrayed the National Food Security Bill (NFSB) as an â€Å"unbearable burden† on the exchequer. The facts, however, do no substantiate the claim. The NFSB has been trashed from time to time in the English dailies. For instance, Business Line (March 21, 2013) published an article titled â€Å"Food Security Bill will torpedo Budget†. Another national daily claims that the Bill has a â€Å"fundamental flaw† that places â€Å"an unbearable burden† and â€Å"distorts agriculture† (Indian Express, March 19, 2013). Quite often, the claims are partly due to a misconception that the government is making new financial and grain commitments under the NFSB. In fact, the NFSB does little more than turning into legal entitlements pre-existing food security schemes such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme, Public Distribution System (PDS) and maternity entitlements. Some commentators have said that it is precisely the legal commitment that will lead to problems in the future — for example, the fear of the emergence of a government monopoly in the grain market. This fear is not borne out by the facts. Under the PDS, ICDS and MDM, the government currently allocates about 58 million tonnes of grain. To meet this commitment, the government currently procures about 30 per cent of grain. The NFSB commits 62 million tonnes, i. e. , an additional 4 million tonnes. The Budget of 2013-14 allocates Rs. 31,000 crore for two children’s food schemes — school meals and the ICDS which reaches children under six. The Budget allocation for the food subsidy in 2013-14 is Rs 90,000 crore. According to our estimates, the food subsidy will increase from Rs 80,000 crore (in 2012-13) to Rs 1,11,221 crore, under the NFSB. Thus, the NFSB implies an increase of just over Rs 30,000 crores in financial terms and 4 million tonnes in real (grain) terms. Can India afford this? Speaking at a panel discussion at IIT Delhi in February, Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, said â€Å"it would be dishonest† to say that we cannot afford the Food Bill, and that the subsidies that we need to target are those enjoyed by the middle classes (e. g. , fuel). Speaking at the same discussion, Amartya Sen made a pertinent point — that the reason why it is more difficult to reduce subsidies enjoyed by the middle classes (fuels such as LPG, petrol and diesel) is that the beneficiaries of those are more vocal than the rural poor or children under six who benefit from the food subsidies. This point is well illustrated by the events following last year’s Budget. The Budget 2012-13 announced a 1 per cent excise duty on unbranded jewellery and doubled custom duty on gold to 4 per cent. Gold is the country’s second biggest import, after crude oil. This burden on the current account deficit was an important reason for doubling the customs duty. Following this, the All India Gems and Jewellery Trade Federation and others initiated a strike which went on for 21 days. They argued that the industry, including the â€Å"large† number of people it employs, and buyers of gold, would suffer. A massive media campaign was launched, following which the Finance Minister withdrew the excise duty. According to the revenue foregone statement presented along with the Budget 2013-14, the revenue foregone from the gold and diamond industry for the previous financial year was Rs. 5,000 crore. Such tax breaks are often justified on the grounds of the employment potential of the gems and jewellery industry. According to Invest India, a website of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, â€Å"The sector provides employment to around 1. 8 million people. In the next five years, the sector is expected to create additional employment for around 1. 1 million people. † According to the National Sample Survey Organisation, 2009-10, the size of the Indian workforce is between 430-471 million persons. If the gems and jewellery industry employs 3 million people as per the Ministry’s target, this would be 0. per cent of the workforce. An industry that employs less than one per cent of the Indian workforce is currently enjoying tax benefits amounting to Rs 65,000 crore (nearly 20 per cent of all revenue foregone). The Food Bill will benefit 67 per cent of the population at an additional cost of Rs 30,000 crore, yet it is said that it will â€Å"torpedo† the Budget. If anything, the NFSB does not go far enough. The NFSB tabled in Parliament in December 2011 included special provisions for the destitute and other vulnerable groups (e. g. , community kitchens and social security pensions). These have been discarded in the version cleared by Cabinet on March 19, 2013. In many rural areas, the Block is already too far to go to complain, yet for violations of rights under the NFSB, grievance redressal only begins at the District level. Viewed in this comparative perspective (for example, it is approximately 1 per cent of the GDP), few can question the affordability or desirability of the NFSB. In absolute terms it is not a small amount. One might argue whether such expenditure is worth it, given the â€Å"fact† that the programmes in its ambit, for example, the PDS, are â€Å"dysfunctional† (Indian Express, March 19, 2013). However, recent data from the National Sample Survey of 2004-05 and 2009-10 suggest that while the functioning of the PDS is far from perfect, we do need to update our â€Å"facts†. In joint research with Jean Dreze, we show that the implicit subsidy from the PDS eliminates 18 per cent (14 per cent) of the â€Å"poverty gap† — or the difference between the poverty line level of income and the median income (or monthly per capita consumption expenditure) of poor households — among poor rural (urban) households. Again, there are marked inter-State contrasts — in Tamil Nadu the corresponding figure is 60 per cent and in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh it is nearly 40 per cent. The real question then is not whether India can afford to have a right to food but as the Food Minister said in a recent interview, â€Å"Can we afford not to? † Food as a right In its latest form, the National Food Security Bill, 2013 promises to address the extreme irony of an ambitious nation holding mountains of food in storage, while masses of its people are undernourished or even starving. The right to food is finally on the threshold of being legislated. Every step taken to widen the coverage of food security schemes is an advance. Yet, the empirical truth is that incremental measures at targeting the needy are a poor substitute for a cohesive, rights-based universal system of food entitlements. There are, no doubt, many positives to the new legislation, such as coverage of up to 75 per cent of eligible priority households in rural areas, the importance given to women as the head of the household for issue of ration cards, inclusion of pregnant and lactating women for free meals (some in government wanted to take away this entitlement from women ho bear more than two children but the idea was sensibly dropped), and setting up of State Food Commissions to investigate violations of entitlements. Under the proposed law, it will be up to the States to frame criteria and choose the priority households for food entitlements, an exercise that will inevitably be accompanied by the well-documented troubles associated with targeting any welfare scheme. Exclusion of any deserving household is unfair and divisive. It poses a challenge to States that wish to provide universal access, an issue that is bound to be felt acutely in urban areas attracting tens of thousands of migrant labourers. The Centre is unwilling to countenance a Universal Public Distribution System on the ground that too much money is involved. Even under the latest Bill, it is argued, the exchequer would have to bear a heavy expenditure of Rs. 1. 24 lakh crore. Yet, the government has not hesitated to build up expensive food stocks over the years, some of which is left to rot, mainly to pay the high support prices demanded by influential sections of the farm lobby. Moreover, the policy orientation is disproportionately favourable towards some sectors such as infrastructure, compared to food and health care. Evidently, the Food Bill can and should do a lot more, to become near-universal and win over sceptics such as Tamil Nadu, which has opposed it on the ground that it is inferior to the universal PDS in the State. Also noteworthy is the fact that the Chhattisgarh Food Security Act has done better than the Centre’s proposed law in some respects — by supplying subsidised pulses and covering 90 per cent of households, for example.

A Reaction to Hitler's Table Talk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Reaction to Hitler's Table Talk - Essay Example It had a very casual atmosphere, conducive to the Fuhrer’s relaxed sharing of his inner thoughts and feelings. The Table Talks therefore reflect Hitler’s most intimate self, not known directly from his public functions and formal addresses. From 1941 to 1942, two notebooks of talks were compiled, published only after World War II. In this short paper, a few lines are taken for comment. This may be an inadequate way to react to these informal talks, but it is still a good start to inspire interest for this important account of his informal monologues. I don’t dream of imposing my philosophy on a village girl Dreams are most intimate to persons, but somehow they can reveal the inner psyche of people. â€Å"Dreams,† in this instance refer not directly to the trancelike state during sleep, but to Hitler’s intention to respect the mind of a village girl, symbolic of the peasants among Germany’s people. Hitler knew he had a philosophy of life to im part to others, but he says he has no intention of coercing anyone to his point of view. If they will believe him, it must be through the rational process of persuasion and re-education. In life, Hitler would show that he had the gift of persuasion, making coercion actually needless insofar as convincing people to his point of view. ... In time, Hitler rose to the pedestal as Germany’s political leader. A biographer of Hitler wrote that at the height of his career, â€Å"for hundreds of thousands, soon for millions, Hitler became an idol whose rise they applauded with convulsive emotion. . . he strides down streets lined with shouting, sobbing people’ (Fest 66). Given the wide popularity and adulation of the people, Hitler in his Table Talks would have thought that imposing ideas on people especially so on a peasant girl would be a needless exercise. Of course, there is another side to Table Talks, and this relates to actual developments brought about by Hitler’s Third Reich. Soon after he gained Chancellorship, concentration camps were set up in order to imprison and later to execute those who opposed the state, including journalists, clergymen, artists, soldiers, etc. Table Talks are therefore one way of saying one thing and doing something different from what are said. I don’t want to force National Socialism on anybody Hitler’s incarceration as a political agitator gave him time to read, reflect and write down his thoughts into a book, the Mein Kampf. While he would admit his book was a confused piece of writing, it would reflect his ideas about National Socialism and its pan-Germanic utopian dream. For Hitler, National Socialism was a grandiose vision, not a simple political movement. Beyond nationalism and socialism, Hitler thought of world change along Darwin’s natural struggle of the fittest, the genetic breeding of a superior German race, and world domination that equals the Bolshevik dream of a communist globe. Hitler thought that the radical ideals of his mind will require subtle mass re-education.

Applying Theory to Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Applying Theory to Practice - Research Paper Example For more than 20 years , critical thinking has been put forward to emphasize on nursing practice and education (Cody , 2002) . Science based nursing practice is utilized in effective delivery of nursing care. Models of nursing practice provide the nursing knowledge framework in the provision of theory based care. (Burretti, 1988). A good foundation for nursing can be created and further be broadened by applying a theory in nursing practice (Karnick, 2008). Jean Watson is a nurse theorist whose cardinal focus is based on human caring. Watson’s (2008) theory of human caring is broadly applied in nursing practice nursing in its knowledge acquisition and application in practice is identified as a science of caring which has a philosophical and ethical implications. The humanity of a nurse embraces the humanity of others in order to preserve and maintain the dignity one of one’s self being and that of others under the same care. This implies that human beings are connected t o one another in caring process. It also implies that in a transpersonal caring relationship, a holistic approach is used (Watson, 1992). OVERVIEW OF WATSON’S CARING THEORY Watson was born in 1940 in West Virginia and grew in as extended family setup (Tomey & Alligood , 2006). At the University of Colorado, she became dean of the school of Nursing and later at the same university, she became a well known professor. Watson established the center for Human Caring, which she served as the director, in Colorado. She also started the nursing doctoral program at the University of Colorado (Margaret Jean, 1997) . Derived from personal beliefs, Values and experiences. Watson established the Theory of Human caring which formed part of her doctoral studies. In her educational background , she earned her undergraduate degree in nursing and psychology and health nursing from University of Colorado from where she also earned her Doctorate degree in educational psychology and counseling . Dr. Watson is a fellow in the American Academy of nursing. She has national and international honors. Most of her publications describing her theory and philosophy of human caring are studied by nurses in most parts of the world. According to Watson (2001)

The Internet and E-Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Internet and E-Business - Assignment Example Factors, which might hinder communication between people in different countries, are language. It is evident that a person from Australia and a person from Portugal cannot communicate. Nevertheless, internet has come to rescue situation where language becomes a communication. Through internet, such people can translate the language communicated. Therefore, the translated language makes it easier for the people to understand each other. Other than making communication easy, internet has made business more effective internationally. Businesspersons involve internet in their activities in a process commonly known as e-business. E-business is an acronym of electronic name. Therefore, executives involve electronic gadgets in their business activities. Through e-business, executives can engage consumers from all over the world. E-business has enlarged the scope of business activities both nationally and internationally. Just like a normal business organization, e-business online is not eas y to manage. It requires hard work and persistent in order to manage all activities taking place. Statistics has that e-business online is sometimes difficult to manage more than the normal business organization. Moreover, people participating in e-business online pass through many challenges compared to organization managers from normal business organization. All e-business online business has different purposes and responsibility. Nevertheless, they rely on a similar platform to pass information to consumer. They all require a website. Unfortunately, creating a suitable is not easy; it requires time and dedication before establishing a website, which will satisfy the intended consumer. A website is a collection of pages and events in a single entity service single or multi purposes on the internet Just like any other business, e-business online has its unique business environment. Nevertheless, transactions in e-business

Interview Reflection Worksheet Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview Reflection Worksheet - Coursework Example My weak point is in competence that majorly rises from my inability to make some decisions under pressure effectively. Competence will improve when I gain the necessary work experience and gain more knowledge in my area of operation. The assessment of people to some extent showed me the various points of weakness. I realised that I need to improve on competence and efficiency in decision-making. The alignment of people’s perception and mine shown that i am ethical similar to my personal assessment. My surprise was the knowledge of other people that i am incompetent due to the minimal experience I possess. It was not easy to stay open minded and non-defensive during the interview. The questions were touching on my personality and i felt like faking and lying about some aspects of the issues under discussion. I achieved this by trying to be ethical and comprehensively cooperative. I am being perceived this way because am truthful to my acts. My partner was ethical and tried to corner my answers but due to professionalism and adhering to the set standards, he got the right information that provided the right illustration of my characters. However, the results were not as per my expectations but they are a true reflection of my

Government Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Government Leader - Essay Example Government, with the authority to make laws, to adjudicate disputes, and to issue administrative decisions, and with a monopoly of authorized force where it fails to persuade, is an indispensable means, proximately, to the peace of communal life." (Government, Wikipedia.org) Running a country is not an easy task, it involves several roles and duties, and above all, it requires trying to maintain the audience satisfied. A good government leader and his/her should execute these tasks and skills to produce a decent outcome. With that in mind, I believe it is appropriate to compare some of the tasks of a government leader with the tasks of a Project Manager. According to Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia, a "Project Manager is required to plan, organize, and control", the same as a government leader in most aspects. (Project Management, Wikipedia.org) The Government leader should define specific objectives and generate a series of plans in order to reach his/her specific goals. He/she should not be limited to a single goal, since the needs of a country or a region are several, and the hopes are also high. Moreover, in some well established governments, the overall goals have been set previously and there is no need to reformulate them, just to continue working on them. On the other hand, there are countries that are constantly redefining its goals and any new leader recently sworn in, needs to start from zero. An example of the first statement is the hard work produced by the founding fathers of America. Mainly they needed to create a free country, ready to develop and grow as they continued moving west. During those days, the tasks were not as complicated as they are today; however, they managed to set goals that are still good during our current time: Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. (Magna Carta and its American Legacy, www.fa-ir.org) An example of the contrasting situation would be Bolivia, a country that has been experiencing a series of radical changes, ranging from the creation of a new constitution to the nationalization of industries that have privatized during

Everyday Use by Walker Essay Example for Free

Everyday Use by Walker Essay Although I enjoyed â€Å"Everyday Use† by Walker, I did not find the first person point of view to be as effective as I would have liked it to be. By writing the story from mama’s point of view Walker denies the reader a chance to gain insight to how the other characters are feeling about the situation. The story tends to give the reader a bias opinion of the events that occur in the story. I believe that if Walker had used an omniscient point of view instead of a first person point of view the story would have been a lot more effective. Mama had a very bias opinion of Dee and by using her point of view for the story the reader may adopt her opinion. But had Walker used an omniscient point of view the reader could have gained insight into Dee’s thoughts and feelings. With the gained insight the reader would be given the chance to form his or her own opinion of Dee. Further insight into Dee’s thoughts and feelings would explain to the reader why Dee acts so superior to Mama and Maggie. The reader would get an idea of whether she really did feel superior or if she was trying to hide her true feelings. An omniscient point of view would also give the reader insight into Maggie’s thoughts and feelings. Being a younger sister myself I couldn’t help but wonder how Maggie felt about her sister. Mama gives the impression that Maggie feels about Dee the same way she does. With an omniscient point of view the reader would know whether or not this is true. When given more personal insight into characters I find that I feel more empathy towards them and enjoy the story more. It makes it more memorable and meaningful for me.

Credit Cards Versus Cash

Credit Cards Versus Cash This paper talks about consumers preference in purchasing products by cash or by credit cards. Credit cards have become important in consumers lives and have changed the way they perceive products. During the past few years various things have occurred which has made the world change drastically. Technology is being developed each day by producing different products which are making peoples lives much easier. So has the idea of purchasing products by credit cards. The 2000s was the moment where credit cards became popular and important to consumers (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards have become an alternative way to pay from the simplest products to the most important ones. The need to put all the payments in one simple card has been a huge benefit for consumers. This was proved when in 2010 cash fell behind debit cards, making debit cards consumers favorite way of paying for products for the first time in history (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards have become extremely important to consumers and the differences between paying with cash or with credit cards have been experimented by many people who have given real evidence to these two ways of purchasing products. Since 1970s there have been facts which people have supported that credit cards increase spending (Prelec Simester, 2000). As a payment mechanism the use of credit cards increases the tendency to spend more on products than cash does (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). When credit cards are more available consumers think mostly about the products benefits than the cost of the products. Conversely, when cash as a payment is more available consumers place more importance on the cost of the product than on the benefit of it (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Many examples have given real evidence to the theory that people who use credit cards spend more. Examples such as restaurants earn more tips when consumers pay with cards, some consumers forget the amount of money they spend on various products, and they tend to buy more in every department store, are facts related to the evidence that people really do spend more when using credit cards (Prelec Simester, 2000). High calorie foods, mostly junk food are becoming more expensive everyday and this is not just because of the economic way to motivate consumers choice but also a psychological motivation that makes consumers choose high calorie foods with pleasure (Bagchi Block, 2011). So when the cost of a product is higher, such as paying with cash, if we increase the benefits of that product there will be less pain of the payment (Bagchi Block, 2011). There is a variation in the countries worldwide who are cardholders particularly differing from those countries that are more developed than the less developed countries (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Income is an influence on credit card holding to those countries that are more developed such as the south east and some places in the north west since these places have the biggest credit cards per adult (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Credit cards are mostly used in purchasing food where the percentage of spending with cards in this area has grown in the past three years to 36% (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). In the UK cards have had a huge influence in charity because by using credit cards humanity is growing even more within people (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). An example of this is some cards that are named with a charitys name; these companies make donation whenever the consumer uses his/her card or even when they open an account for the first time (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Another way of people being voluntarily helpful for charity is online giving where the charitable money are increasing year by year (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). Nowadays consumers are using credit cards instead of cash in every purchase they are making. Their preference is mostly on credit and debit cards rather than cash or checks (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). In 2003 cards were used for 53 percent of purchases, while cash or checks were used for 47 percent (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Companies dealing with credit cards are enhancing their usage by marketing new cards that perform like cash and dont acquire interest charges like credit cards do (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Furthermore, companies are trying to make different industries offer their consumers the choice of paying with credit cards (Consumers prefer plastic to paper payment, 2004). Prior researches have figured out that when consumers make a decision about a product, credit cards encourage them to spend more than cash does. However, they have not yet discovered whether cash is an influence towards the choices of products (Bagchi Block, 2011). So the studies provide evidence that people consume more calories and impute higher costs when purchasing with cash rather than a credit card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Nevertheless, when consumers are grocery shopping they tend to purchase more food when using credit cards since the greater the prices of food, the greater the indulgent of the preferred food (Bagchi Block, 2011). The way consumers experience the payment of products strengthens the different ways they pay- cards or cash (Bagchi Block, 2011). As a result, consumers think of cash real money and spending cash is more important. The more real the loss of money such as cash payment, the greater is the pain of giving the money for a product. On the contrary, credit cards are more looked as less hurtful and are spent more easily because you dont see the money; sometimes they may even be treated as play money (Bagchi Block, 2011). Thus, imputed cost are greater when using cash because the great er the imputed cost of spending, the greater is the chance to choose high calorie food (Bagchi Block, 2011). The advantages of using credit cards is the ability of paying for a great period meaning that you can purchase as much as you want and pay later with no interest charge (Cohn, 2010). This lets your money stay in the bank and earn interest as well as making you more flexible with cash flow (Cohn, 2010). Credit cards also have reward programs which consumers are benefiting. For example, a financial planner Frank Remund used his visa signature card to purchase a product. While calculating what he had earned and what he had saved using discount coupons he stated that he paid only $380 for the product which is actually sold for $800 (Cohn, 2010). Moreover, by using his card he managed to increase his warranty period (Cohn, 2010). The other huge advantage of using credit cards is the security that they hold. By carrying big cash with you, there is more possibility for the money to be stolen from you. However, if your credit card is stolen your liability is restricted at $50 and if you have been a loyal customer to the bank, they will credit your account in no longer than a few days (Cohn, 2010). Moreover, if the product you purchased happened to have a problem or you simply arent satisfied with its quality, then if you have purchased it with your credit card there is more likelihood for you to return it than there would be if you had bought it by cash (Cohn, 2010). Nevertheless, except for the many advantages credit cards have there are also some disadvantages when using credit cards. One of the disadvantages of credit cards are high interest charges (Compare Credit Cards). Credit card companies usually charge high interest fees like 20% for the purchases that havent been paid in months (Compare Credit Cards). Another huge disadvantage for credit cards is the temptation to overspend. Many people have difficulties in managing their money so when they pay with credit cards they tend to overspend without thinking further. Because credit cards allow you to spend money and not pay them upfront, people get too excited and think just for that moment; so they tend to forget about paying them later on (Compare Credit Cards). Furthermore, it is more difficult to remember what you have purchased when buying with credit cards. So, if you have taken too long to pay for the purchase you might be surprised when the bank informs you for the amount of payment y ou have to make (Compare Credit Cards). Three experiments show consumers behavior towards credit cards and cash. Consumers primed with credit card as a payment mechanism make more recall errors with respect to cost-related aspects of the product than to bene ¬Ã‚ t aspects (study 1), identify more words related to bene ¬Ã‚ ts (study 2), and respond faster to bene ¬Ã‚ t-related words (study 3) than consumers primed with cash concepts (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). In the fourth experiment, we look thoroughly through the outcome of the payment prime to the choices of the products (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Consumers using credit cards have more possibilities in looking at the products with greater benefits, whereas consumers using cash mostly choose the options that are ruled by cost even if there is less benefit of that particular product (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Considering these four experiments, consumers distinguish the same products in different ways when choosing to use credit cards rather than cash (Chatterjee Ro se, 2011). Furthermore, credit cards increase the awareness of the benefits of products in that way persuading the reservation price and product valuation and also making consumers choose the options of products more attractively (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). For consumers, products have a different meaning when they are bought with credit cards and when they are bought with cash. Thus, the credit card premium is not due solely to differences in decoupling from pain of payment (i.e., reduced salience of costs) or to physical form, but in addition, the salience of product bene ¬Ã‚ ts is enhanced when thinking of paying with credit (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). If consumers goal is saving money, then the cost of the product becomes more important than the benefit the product carries. However, if the consumers goal is to purchase a product with high quality that is beneficial for the consumer, then the cost of the product will be less important thus becoming more psychologically relevant (C hatterjee Rose, 2011). In order to prove that people use more calories and impute higher costs when buying with cash relatively to credit cards, a study in a frozen yogurt retail store was experimented (Bagchi Block, 2011). 125 customers were recruited in a substitute of $1 discount of their next purchase and only the ones who bought a product for themselves were allowed to be a part of the survey (Bagchi Block, 2011). After customers ordered and purchased their products, the nutritional value of the products purchased by the customers were calculated and used as an evaluation of indulgence (Bagchi Block, 2011). In this study the customers were asked to tell about the price they paid for the products purchased, whether they thought it was expensive or not, and the method of payment (Bagchi Block, 2011). The results of the study showed how consumers that paid with cash did not pay more than those that paid with cards. However, consumers though that the imputed cost was much higher when buying with cash than credit card since their products seemed more expensive to them (Bagchi Block, 2011). This study explained how buying with cash feels more expensive and more hurtful than buying with credit card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Moreover, the costumers knew the method of payment before they purchased the products so this shows that customers were aware of the method they will use to pay for the products (Bagchi Block, 2011). Therefore, it is doubtful to state that the choice made for the food purchased had an affect on the method used for paying the product. After the study made with the yogurt retail, another study was conducted on a cafà © study for credit versus cash. In this study 147 students were taken and asked to tell their last time they purchased a product for $10 or less; and to choose a product from the restaurant that cost $10 or less (Bagchi Block, 2011). Further, the students were asked whether it was difficult to decide n their purchase and this was used for the study as a result of imputed cost (Bagchi Block, 2011). The results showed that consumers who paid with cash chose more calorie food than those who paid with card. Moreover, evidence showed that paying by cash created more indulgence than paying by card (Bagchi Block, 2011). Both study one and study two showed that theorizing is predicated on differences in pain of payment, or imputed costs associated with cash versus credit, rather than on the method of payment per se (Bagchi Block, 2011). There are other studies that show the willingness of consumers to purchase more products when using credit cards. In these studies two ways are mentioned in knowing whether the effect is relevant; only when the price of the product is uncertain or when the prices are known (Prelec Simester, 2000). The first study had to do with prices being uncertain. The experiment had to do with tickets for a sporting event where one ticket was for the game between Boston Celtics and Miami heat, whereas the other ticket was for the Red Sox and the Toronto Blue Jays (Prelec Simester, 2000). The people experimented were the MBA students. They were asked to enter a room and fill in their own sheet about the reservation values and then they would have the opportunity to win the tickets. Further on, the one that wrote the highest value would get the prize however the prize would be sold at a price identical to the second highest value (Prelec Simester, 2000). After that, two sheets were handed- cash condition sheet and credit card condition sheet (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the first sheet, it was required for the winners to make the payment with cash whereas in the second sheet the winners were asked to make the payments by credit cards. In the first sheet they were also asked whether they had access to cash machine and in the second sheet they were asked to tell the type of card they used and some information about the card (Prelec Simester, 2000). The result of this experiment showed that those who were asked to make the payment by credit card wrote down much higher values for the three tickets and the highest amount of money was for the Celtics tickets, whereas for the banners it was the smallest (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the second experiment, the prices are certain. This allows us to evaluate whether the credit card premium arises because customers adjust their valuations from different anchoring points in the cash and credit card conditions (Prelec Simester, 2000). For example, in the cash condition consumers might focus more on the amount of money they carry in their pockets. Whereas, in the credit card condition they focus on their credit limit or even their monthly bill (Prelec Simester, 2000). In the second study students of MBA were respondents and this time they had a chance to win a dinner certificate costing $175 (Prelec Simester, 2000). The steps for this price were to draw numbers randomly from zero to the price of the certificate and then choose a student randomly. Students were divided into groups depending on who will pay with cash and who with credit card (Prelec Simester, 2000). In this study the result was that there was no huge difference between credit card and cash conditions (Prelec Simester, 2000). Moreover, payment had a huge effect but only with those students who completed the credit card digits (Prelec Simester, 2000). Students who stated that they will pay with credit cards wrote down values 36% more than those who didnt (Prelec Simester, 2000). Therefore, the main effects of payment method and identification method were not significant (Prelec Simester, 2000). The information about the market price varied from the first study and the second one. This difference was taken for a reason to see whether credit card premium arose because consumers regulate their estimation of cash and cards in different circumstances (Prelec Simester, 2000). These two studies offer an idea as to the reason of the effect. They reveal the idea that consumers are more willing to pay with credit cards than they are with cash (Prelec Simester, 2000). The studies illustrate how credit cards make peoples decision much easier when purchasing a product. When people purchase with cash they find it difficult to buy expensive products since they can see their cash. However, with credit cards you dont get to see your cash, you just see a plastic card that sometimes makes you forget how much money you are spending. Moreover, through the studies we understood how consumers perceive products differently when purchasing with cash or with credit card. Those that purchase with cash are more likely to give more importance to the cost of the product than to the benefit and quality of the product. In contrary, those that pay with cards tend to give more importance to the benefits the product gives them than the cost of it (Chatterjee Rose, 2011). Further on, the willingness to pay grows when consumers pay with credit cards and this was shown in the two studies taken with the game tickets and the prize of certificate (Prelec Simester, 2000). How much consumers consume food with high calories was also examined with the methods of payment- credit and cash. Studies showed that those who purchase with cash consume more calorie food whereas those who purchase with credit cards consume less calorie food (Bagchi Block, 2011). When imputed costs are high, consumers indulge more. These imputed costs vary with the payment mode and also with how difficult it is to earn money. Thus, spending with cash (vs. credit) and spending cash that is more difficult to earn (rather than less difficult) result in more indulgent, high calorie food consumption (Bagchi Block, 2011). In the near future, technology will find its way in replacing credit cards by mobile phones since they will be the factor that will replace peoples wallets (A Decade of Cards, 2000-2010 and beyond). So, people will not have to carry their credit cards anymore since their mobile phones will have the ability to make a purchase either through credit or debit (A Decade of C ards, 2000-2010 and beyond). The research of credit cards versus cash help people understand the advantages and disadvantages each one has. Moreover, they explain how and why consumers behavior towards these two methods of purchasing changes when purchasing particular products. Further research should be conducted in order to see which one is better and safer to use. Research such as planning different surveys for consumers to answer their choice of the method of buying would be helpful in understanding consumers choice as well as reasons towards their decision. Furthermore, in order to research this further we should gather all the studies conducted and relate them with one another. In this way we will be able to understand more precisely the usage of credit cards versus cash by consumers. One last reason to research this further would be the development of technology. Since technology is changing rapidly, it will change the usage of cardholding. Therefore, research on future technology and how it will have an impact in the market area will be needed to be made. This way we get knowledge as to how things will change and whether it will be a positive or a negative thing for consumers to make purchasing decisions through their mobile phones.